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Architecture --- Architectural design --- Building --- Building. --- Architecture. --- Architectural design. --- Japan. --- architectural design --- building engineering --- environmental engineering --- structural theory --- construction materials --- civil engineering --- Design --- Structural design --- Architecture, Western (Western countries) --- Building design --- Construction --- Western architecture (Western countries) --- Art --- Buildings --- Architectural engineering --- Construction science --- Engineering, Architectural --- Structural engineering --- Construction industry --- Design and construction --- Government of Japan --- Iapōnia --- I͡Aponii͡ --- Japam --- Japão --- Japon --- Jih-pen --- Mư̄ang Yīpun --- Nihon --- Nippon --- Prathēt Yīpun --- Riben --- Yapan --- Yīpun --- Zhāpān --- al-Yābān --- Giappone --- Japani --- Japonia --- Japonsko --- Japonya --- Nihonkoku --- Nippon-koku --- Nipponkoku --- State of Japan --- Yābān --- Structural parts and elements of building --- Architecture, Primitive

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Physical models have been, and continue to be used by engineers when faced with unprecedented challenges, when engineering science has been non-existent or inadequate, and in any other situation when the engineer has needed to raise their confidence in a design proposal to a sufficient level to begin construction. For this reason, models have mostly been used by designers and constructors of highly innovative projects, when previous experience has not been available. The book covers the history of using of physical models in the design and development of civil and building engineering projects including bridges in the mid-18th century, William Fairbairn?s Britannia bridge in the 1840s, the masonry Aswan Dam in the 1890s, concrete dams in the 1920s, thin concrete shell roofs and the dynamic behaviour of tall buildings in earthquakes from the 1930s, tidal flow in estuaries and the acoustics of concert halls from the 1950s, and cable-net and membrane structures in the 1960s. Traditionally, progress in engineering has been attributed to the creation and use of engineering science, the understanding materials properties and the development of new construction methods. The book argues that the use of reduced scale models have played an equally important part in the development of civil and building engineering. However, like the history of engineering design itself, this crucial contribution has not been widely reported or celebrated. The book concludes with reviews of the current use of physical models alongside computer models, for example, in boundary layer wind tunnels, room acoustics, seismic engineering, hydrology, and air flow in buildings.

(Produktform)Hardback --- Bauingenieur- u. Bauwesen --- Baustatik --- Baustatik u. Baumechanik --- Bauwesen --- Civil Engineering & Construction --- Civil Engineering & Construction Special Topics --- Geschichte der Physik --- History of Physics --- Materials Science --- Materialwissenschaften --- Materialwissenschaften / Theorie, Modellierung u. Simulation --- Physics --- Physics Special Topics --- Physik --- Spezialthemen Bauingenieur- u. Bauwesen --- Spezialthemen Physik --- Stahlhochbau --- Stahlhochbau u. Brückenbau --- Steel Construction & Bridge Engineering --- Structural Theory & Structural Mechanics --- Structures --- Theory, Modeling & Simulation --- Tragwerke --- CE00: Allg. Bauingenieur- u. Bauwesen --- CE03: Tragwerke --- CE07: Stahlhochbau u. Brückenbau --- CE80: Baustatik u. Baumechanik --- CEZ0: Spezialthemen Bauingenieur- u. Bauwesen --- MS90: Materialwissenschaften / Theorie, Modellierung u. Simulation --- PH00: Allg. Physik --- PH01: Geschichte der Physik --- PHZ0: Spezialthemen Physik --- (VLB-WN)1685: Hardcover, Softcover / Technik/Bautechnik, Umwelttechnik --- Civil engineering. Building industry --- civil engineering --- building physics --- construction models --- Civil engineering --- Engineering models --- Génie civil --- Modèles techniques --- Engineering models. --- Structural engineering --- Technique de la construction --- History --- Histoire

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Many historical processes are dynamic. Populations grow and decline. Empires expand and collapse. Religions spread and wither. Natural scientists have made great strides in understanding dynamical processes in the physical and biological worlds using a synthetic approach that combines mathematical modeling with statistical analyses. Taking up the problem of territorial dynamics--why some polities at certain times expand and at other times contract--this book shows that a similar research program can advance our understanding of dynamical processes in history. Peter Turchin develops hypotheses from a wide range of social, political, economic, and demographic factors: geopolitics, factors affecting collective solidarity, dynamics of ethnic assimilation/religious conversion, and the interaction between population dynamics and sociopolitical stability. He then translates these into a spectrum of mathematical models, investigates the dynamics predicted by the models, and contrasts model predictions with empirical patterns. Turchin's highly instructive empirical tests demonstrate that certain models predict empirical patterns with a very high degree of accuracy. For instance, one model accounts for the recurrent waves of state breakdown in medieval and early modern Europe. And historical data confirm that ethno-nationalist solidarity produces an aggressively expansive state under certain conditions (such as in locations where imperial frontiers coincide with religious divides). The strength of Turchin's results suggests that the synthetic approach he advocates can significantly improve our understanding of historical dynamics.

Historical sociology --- Historische sociologie --- Sociologie [Historische ] --- Sociologie historique --- Sociology [Historical ] --- Historiometry. --- History --- Mathematical models. --- Historiometry --- Historiometrics --- Biography --- Psychohistory --- Historical models --- Mathematical models --- Methodology --- Psychological aspects --- Statistical methods --- Asia Minor. --- Black Death. --- English Revolution. --- Europe. --- France. --- Russia. --- agrarian polities. --- asabiya. --- autocatalytic model. --- boom–bust dynamics. --- boundless growth. --- class structure. --- cliodynamics. --- collective solidarity. --- collectivism. --- commoners. --- conflict legitimacy dynamics. --- cultural regions. --- demographic-fiscal model. --- demographic-structural theory. --- dynamical processes. --- elites. --- empires. --- endogenous systems. --- equilibrium. --- ethnic assimilation. --- ethnic identity. --- ethnies. --- ethnogenesis. --- ethnokinetic model. --- ethnokinetics. --- frontier index. --- frontiers. --- geopolitics. --- group dynamics. --- group solidarity. --- hierarchical modeling. --- historical dynamics. --- historical sociology. --- imperial boundaries. --- individualism. --- internal warfare. --- linguistic assimilation. --- marchland position. --- mathematical modeling. --- mathematical models. --- mathematical theory. --- metaethnic fault lines. --- metaethnic frontier theory. --- metaethnic frontiers. --- metaethnie. --- metastable dynamics. --- noninteractive model. --- nonlinear dynamics. --- political cycles. --- political instability. --- polity dynamics. --- population density. --- population dynamics. --- population numbers. --- population oscillations. --- primary data. --- process order. --- quantitative theories. --- religious conversion. --- secondary data. --- secular cycles. --- secular oscillations. --- social capital. --- socioeconomic dynamics. --- sociopolitical stability. --- state breakdown. --- sustained oscillations. --- territorial dynamics. --- threshold model. --- vulnerability.