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Postnatal maternal separation increases hypothalamic corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) gene expression and hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) and behavioral responses to stress. We report here that environmental enrichment during the peripubertal period completely reverses the effects of maternal separation on both HPA and behavioral responses to stress, with no effect on CRF mRNA expression. We conclude that environmental enrichment leads to a functional reversal of the effects of maternal separation through compensation for, rather than reversal of, the neural effects of early life adversity

Behavior. --- Behavioral-responses. --- Compensation. --- Corticotropin-releasing factor. --- Corticotropin-releasing-factor. --- Crf. --- Depression. --- Early experience,environmental enrichment,maternal separation,stress,corticotropin-releasing factor,glucocorticoid receptors. --- Early experience. --- Enrichment. --- Environmental enrichment. --- Expression. --- Gene-expression. --- Gene. --- Generations. --- Hippocampus. --- Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal. --- Increase. --- Increases. --- Life. --- Maternal separation. --- Maternal. --- Pituitary-adrenal responses. --- Prenatal stress. --- Rat. --- Reactivity. --- Receptor messenger-rna. --- Response. --- Responses. --- Separation. --- Stress reactivity. --- Stress. --- Transmission.

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Early neonatal handling of rat pups produces dampened hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis reactivity to stress in adult male offspring. However, less is known about whether there is a similar effect for females. Although, most studies of neonatal handling have examined subsequent effects during adulthood, adolescence is an important developmental stage for stress responsivity. To address these issues, the effect of neonatal handling on the endocrine stress response and brain activity of male and female rats was determined in response to acute restraint stress during adolescence. Consistent with previous findings in adult males, neonatal handling reduced restraint stress-induced hormone levels in adolescent males. However, in contrast, we found elevated plasma hormone concentrations in handled females. A gender-specific handling effect on brain activity was also evident, with significantly increased stress-induced activation of the posterior cingulate cortex of handled females, as measured by c-fos mRNA expression. The striking gender difference in the effect of early neonatal handling provides evidence that this must be considered as an important variable in subsequent stress responsivity induced by early manipulations.

Activation. --- Activity. --- Adolescence. --- Adult. --- Adulthood. --- Brain. --- C-fos. --- Cortex. --- Corticosterone. --- Endocrine. --- Expression. --- Female rats. --- Female. --- Females. --- Gender. --- Handling. --- Hormone. --- Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis. --- Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal. --- Level. --- Male. --- Males. --- Neonatal handling. --- Neonatal. --- Plasma. --- Posterior cingulate cortex. --- Pups. --- Rat. --- Rats. --- Reactivity. --- Response. --- Restraint stress. --- Restraint. --- Sex differences. --- Stress reactivity. --- Stress response. --- Stress-response. --- Stress. --- Striking.

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Work --- Stress, Psychological --- Occupational Exposure --- Stress, Physiological. --- Biological Stress --- Metabolic Stress Response --- Physiological Stress Reaction --- Physiological Stress Reactivity --- Physiological Stress Response --- Metabolic Stress --- Physiological Stress --- Biological Stresses --- Metabolic Stress Responses --- Metabolic Stresses --- Physiological Stress Reactions --- Physiological Stress Responses --- Physiological Stresses --- Response, Metabolic Stress --- Responses, Metabolic Stress --- Stress Reaction, Physiological --- Stress Reactions, Physiological --- Stress Response, Metabolic --- Stress Response, Physiological --- Stress Responses, Metabolic --- Stress, Biological --- Stress, Metabolic --- Stresses, Biological --- Stresses, Metabolic --- Stresses, Physiological --- Stress --- Stress. --- Abiotic Stress --- Abiotic Stress Reaction --- Abiotic Stress Response --- Abiotic Stress Reactions --- Abiotic Stress Responses --- Abiotic Stresses --- Reaction, Abiotic Stress --- Reactions, Abiotic Stress --- Response, Abiotic Stress --- Stress, Abiotic --- Stresses, Abiotic --- Biotic Stress --- Biotic Stresses --- Stress, Biotic --- Stress, Physiological

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Sociology of occupations --- Labour economics --- Stress (Physiology) --- Stress (Psychology) --- Congresses --- Stress, Physiological. --- Stress, Psychological. --- -Stress (Psychology) --- -Psychological Stress --- Stress, Psychologic --- Suffering --- Anguish --- Emotional Stress --- Life Stress --- Mental Suffering --- Life Stresses --- Psychologic Stress --- Psychological Stresses --- Stress, Emotional --- Stress, Life --- Stresses, Life --- Stresses, Psychological --- Suffering, Mental --- Biological Stress --- Metabolic Stress Response --- Physiological Stress Reaction --- Physiological Stress Reactivity --- Physiological Stress Response --- Metabolic Stress --- Physiological Stress --- Biological Stresses --- Metabolic Stress Responses --- Metabolic Stresses --- Physiological Stress Reactions --- Physiological Stress Responses --- Physiological Stresses --- Response, Metabolic Stress --- Responses, Metabolic Stress --- Stress Reaction, Physiological --- Stress Reactions, Physiological --- Stress Response, Metabolic --- Stress Response, Physiological --- Stress Responses, Metabolic --- Stress, Biological --- Stress, Metabolic --- Stresses, Biological --- Stresses, Metabolic --- Stresses, Physiological --- Stress --- Congresses. --- psychological --- -Congresses --- Psychological --- Stress, Physiological --- Stress, Psychological --- Psychological Stress --- Stressor, Psychological --- Psychological Stressor --- Psychological Stressors --- Stressors, Psychological --- Sufferings --- Abiotic Stress --- Abiotic Stress Reaction --- Abiotic Stress Response --- Abiotic Stress Reactions --- Abiotic Stress Responses --- Abiotic Stresses --- Reaction, Abiotic Stress --- Reactions, Abiotic Stress --- Response, Abiotic Stress --- Stress, Abiotic --- Stresses, Abiotic --- Biotic Stress --- Biotic Stresses --- Stress, Biotic

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Geriatrics --- Pathological physiology. Pathogenesis --- Pathology of the circulatory system --- Stress (Physiology) --- Heart --- AGING --- Stress, Psychological --- STRESS, in old age --- Aging --- physiopathology --- Aging. --- Stress, Physiological. --- Aged. --- -Stress (Physiology) --- Physiological stress --- Tension (Physiology) --- Adaptation (Biology) --- Cardiopulmonary system --- Cardiovascular system --- Chest --- Elderly --- Longevity --- Biological Stress --- Metabolic Stress Response --- Physiological Stress Reaction --- Physiological Stress Reactivity --- Physiological Stress Response --- Metabolic Stress --- Physiological Stress --- Biological Stresses --- Metabolic Stress Responses --- Metabolic Stresses --- Physiological Stress Reactions --- Physiological Stress Responses --- Physiological Stresses --- Response, Metabolic Stress --- Responses, Metabolic Stress --- Stress Reaction, Physiological --- Stress Reactions, Physiological --- Stress Response, Metabolic --- Stress Response, Physiological --- Stress Responses, Metabolic --- Stress, Biological --- Stress, Metabolic --- Stresses, Biological --- Stresses, Metabolic --- Stresses, Physiological --- Aging, Biological --- Biological Aging --- Senescence --- Mutation Accumulation --- physiopathology. --- Aged --- Stress, Physiological --- Abiotic Stress --- Abiotic Stress Reaction --- Abiotic Stress Response --- Abiotic Stress Reactions --- Abiotic Stress Responses --- Abiotic Stresses --- Reaction, Abiotic Stress --- Reactions, Abiotic Stress --- Response, Abiotic Stress --- Stress, Abiotic --- Stresses, Abiotic --- Biotic Stress --- Biotic Stresses --- Stress, Biotic --- Heart - Aging --- Heart - physiopathology