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Presidents --- Election forecasting --- Election --- Elections --- Forecasting, Election --- Straw votes --- Forecasting --- Public opinion polls --- Exit polling (Elections) --- Presidency --- Heads of state --- Executive power

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Interviewing. --- Public opinion polls. --- Sociology --- Methodology. --- Interviewing --- Public opinion polls --- Opinion polls --- Polls, Public opinion --- Public opinion --- Public opinion research --- Straw votes --- Methodology --- Research --- Questioning --- Counseling --- Focus groups --- Interviews --- Social case work --- Social surveys --- Market surveys

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Politicians, government officials, and public relations officers lean heavily on polling when fashioning public policy. Proponents say this is for the best, arguing that surveys bring the views of citizens closer to civic officials. Critics decry polling's promotion of sycophantic politicians who pander to the whims of public sentiment, or, conversely, the use of surveys by special interest groups to thwart the majority will. Similar claims and criticisms were made during the early days of polling. When George Gallup began polling Americans in 1935, he heralded it as a bold step in popular democracy. The views of ordinary citizens could now be heard alongside those of organized interest groups. When brought to Canada in 1941, the Gallup Poll promised similar democratic rejuvenation. In actual practice, traditionally disadvantaged constituencies such as women, the poor, French Canadians, and African Americans were often heavily underrepresented in Gallup surveys. Preoccupied with election forecasting, Gallup pollsters undercounted social groups thought less likely or unable to vote, leading to a considerable gap between the polling results of the sampled polity and the opinions of the general public.Examining the origins and early years of public opinion polling in Canada, Robinson situates polling within the larger context of its forerunners - market research surveys and American opinion polling - and charts its growth until its first uses by political parties.

Public opinion polls --- Marketing research --- History. --- Canada --- Politics and government --- Market research --- Marketing --- Markets --- Opinion polls --- Polls, Public opinion --- Public opinion --- Public opinion research --- Straw votes --- Research --- Research, Industrial --- Social surveys --- Market surveys --- History --- E-books

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The answers to questions on a wide variety of social and political issues from more than 25,000 respondents are contained in the General Social Survey (GSS) data base. The authors, who have directed the GSS since its inception, have set out to enable social scientists to exploit this large data set more effectively. The book outlines such topics as the recurrent, replicated `core' items suitable for trend analyses, the annual topical modules on subjects of current interest and the international modules produced in collaboration with the International Social Survey Programme.

Public opinion polls. --- Social surveys --- Opinion polls --- Polls, Public opinion --- Public opinion --- Public opinion research --- Straw votes --- Market surveys --- Research --- NORC (Organization) --- University of Chicago. --- N.O.R.C. (Organization) --- NORC at the University of Chicago --- National Opinion Research Center

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Public opinion polls have become increasingly prominent during elections, but how they affect voting behaviour remains uncertain. In this work, we estimate the effects of poll exposure using an experimental design in which we randomly assign the availability of polls to participants in simulated election campaigns. We draw upon results from ten independent experiments conducted across six countries on four continents (Argentina, Australia, Canada, New Zealand, the United Kingdom, and the United States) to examine how polls affect the amount of information individuals seek and the votes that they cast. We further assess how poll effects differ according to individual-level factors, such as partisanship and political sophistication, and the content included in polls and how it is presented. Our work provides a comprehensive assessment of the power of polls and the implications for poll reporting in contemporary elections.

Public opinion polls --- Election monitoring. --- Election forecasting. --- Political aspects --- Elections --- Forecasting, Election --- Straw votes --- Forecasting --- Exit polling (Elections) --- Election observation --- Monitoring, Election --- Poll watching --- Opinion polls --- Polls, Public opinion --- Public opinion --- Public opinion research --- Social surveys --- Market surveys --- Research