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Tissues and organs have, although sometimes limited, the capacity for endogenous repair, which is aimed to re-establish integrity and homeostasis. Tissue repair involves pro- and anti-inflammatory processes, new tissue formation and remodelling. Depending on the local microenvironment, tissue repair results either in scar tissue formation or in regeneration. The latter aims to recapitulate the original tissue structure and architecture with the proper functionality. Although some organisms (such as planarians) have a high regenerative capacity throughout the body, in humans this property is more restricted to a few organs and tissues. Regeneration in the adult is possible in particular through the existence of tissue-resident pools of stem/progenitor cells. In response to tissue damage, these cells are activated, they proliferate and migrate, and differentiate into mature cells. Angiogenesis and neovascularization play a crucial role in tissue repair. Besides providing with oxygen and nutrients, angiogenesis generates a vascular niche (VN) consisting of different blood-derived elements and endothelial cells surrounded by basement membrane as well as perivascular cells. The newly generated VN communicates with the local stem/progenitor cells and contributes to tissue repair. For example, platelets, macrophages, neutrophils, perivascular cells and other VN components actively participate in the repair of skin, bone, muscle, tendon, brain, spinal cord, etc. Despite these observations, the exact role of the VN in tissue repair and the underlying mechanisms are still unclear and are awaiting further evidence that, indeed, will be required for the development of regenerative therapies for the treatment of traumatic injuries as well as degenerative diseases.

Angiogenesis --- Platelets and Platelets Lysate --- Blood Vessels and Endothelial Cells --- Granulocyte Colony Stimulating Factor (G-CSF) --- Pericytes --- Stem and Progenitor Cells --- Vascular Niche --- Tissue Repair and Regeneration

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The book proposes extensive and varied design strategies for bone tissue engineering. The design process of materials for bone tissue scaffolds presently represents an issue of crucial importance and is being studied by many researchers throughout the world. A number of studies have been conducted, aimed at identifying the optimal material, geometry, and surface that the scaffold must possess to stimulate the formation of the largest amounts of bone in the shortest time possible.

Medicine --- starfish --- calcium carbonate --- porous calcium phosphate --- β-tricalcium phosphate --- bone substitute --- angiogenesis --- gellan gum --- hydroxyapatite --- lactoferrin --- bone biomaterials --- tissue engineering --- biomaterials --- mechanobiology --- scaffold design --- geometry optimization --- bone repair --- biomaterial --- alcoholism --- alcohol --- geometry optimization of scaffolds --- allograft --- block bone grafts --- custom made bone --- design techniques for scaffold --- precision and translational medicine --- bone regeneration --- graphene oxide --- mesenchymal stem and progenitor cells --- osteogenic differentiation --- poly(methyl methacrylate) --- computational mechanobiology --- bone tissue engineering --- python code --- parametric CAD (Computer Aided Design) model --- bone --- mesenchymal stem cells --- polycarbonate --- resveratrol --- polydatin --- focal adhesions --- bone health --- bacterial cellulose --- nanoAg --- antimicrobial composite --- porous implants --- bone implants --- metamaterials --- titanium --- mechanical properties --- pore size --- unit cell --- porosity --- elastic modulus --- compressive strength --- additive manufacturing --- animal model --- bone fracture --- bone healing --- posterolateral spinal fusion --- regenerative medicine --- bone morphogenetic proteins --- cell growth --- polylysine --- dental implants --- implantology --- epithelial growth --- porous materials

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The book proposes extensive and varied design strategies for bone tissue engineering. The design process of materials for bone tissue scaffolds presently represents an issue of crucial importance and is being studied by many researchers throughout the world. A number of studies have been conducted, aimed at identifying the optimal material, geometry, and surface that the scaffold must possess to stimulate the formation of the largest amounts of bone in the shortest time possible.

starfish --- calcium carbonate --- porous calcium phosphate --- β-tricalcium phosphate --- bone substitute --- angiogenesis --- gellan gum --- hydroxyapatite --- lactoferrin --- bone biomaterials --- tissue engineering --- biomaterials --- mechanobiology --- scaffold design --- geometry optimization --- bone repair --- biomaterial --- alcoholism --- alcohol --- geometry optimization of scaffolds --- allograft --- block bone grafts --- custom made bone --- design techniques for scaffold --- precision and translational medicine --- bone regeneration --- graphene oxide --- mesenchymal stem and progenitor cells --- osteogenic differentiation --- poly(methyl methacrylate) --- computational mechanobiology --- bone tissue engineering --- python code --- parametric CAD (Computer Aided Design) model --- bone --- mesenchymal stem cells --- polycarbonate --- resveratrol --- polydatin --- focal adhesions --- bone health --- bacterial cellulose --- nanoAg --- antimicrobial composite --- porous implants --- bone implants --- metamaterials --- titanium --- mechanical properties --- pore size --- unit cell --- porosity --- elastic modulus --- compressive strength --- additive manufacturing --- animal model --- bone fracture --- bone healing --- posterolateral spinal fusion --- regenerative medicine --- bone morphogenetic proteins --- cell growth --- polylysine --- dental implants --- implantology --- epithelial growth --- porous materials

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Nephropathic cystinosis (MIM # 219800) is a rare autosomal recessive disorder caused by mutations in the lysosomal cystine transporter cystinosin, encoded by the CTNS gene (17p13.2). This devastating condition initially affects kidneys and subsequently many other organs including eyes, thyroid, pancreas, muscles, and brain. While lysosomal cystine storage is a key feature of the disease and the main target of current therapy, recent groundbreaking research has revealed that cystinosin has diverse functions in cells, being involved in vesicle trafficking, energy homeostasis, and cell death mechanisms. These discoveries deepen our insights into the mechanisms of cystinosis and of lysosomal biology in general. In this Special Issue dedicated to the pioneer of cystinosis research Dr. Jerry Schneider, we highlight the state-of-the-art understanding of cellular and molecular mechanisms of various disease features, opening new horizons for innovative treatment strategies for cystinosis and potentially other lysosomal storage diseases.

Medicine --- Pharmacology --- cystinosis --- cysteamine --- bone --- osteoclast --- genotype --- CD34+ hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells --- gene therapy --- pre-clinical studies --- investigational new drug application --- clinical trial --- disulfiram --- mice --- zebrafish --- fertility --- azoospermia --- hypogonadism --- histopathology --- mouse model --- lysosomal storage disease --- cell and animal models --- infantile nephropathic cystinosis --- bone-muscle wasting --- fibroblast growth factor 23 --- osteoclasts --- sclerostin --- leptin --- fractures --- nephropathic cystinosis --- hollow fiber membrane --- 3-dimensional models --- autophagy --- macrophages --- inflammasome --- proximal tubular cells --- endocytosis --- apoptosis --- chitotriosidase --- interleukins --- galectin-3 --- novel therapies --- endolysosome --- epithelial cell differentiation --- homeostasis --- lysosomal storage diseases --- mitochondrial distress --- kidney proximal tubule --- programmed cell death --- central nervous system --- cortical atrophy --- arterial spin labelling --- cystine blood level --- lysosomal storage disorder --- history --- treatment strategies for cystinosis --- newborn screening --- clinical course --- CTNS-pathogenic variants --- newborn screening for cystinosis --- kidney progenitors --- cell model --- biomarkers --- cystine --- kidney --- therapeutic monitoring --- cystinosis --- cysteamine --- bone --- osteoclast --- genotype --- CD34+ hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells --- gene therapy --- pre-clinical studies --- investigational new drug application --- clinical trial --- disulfiram --- mice --- zebrafish --- fertility --- azoospermia --- hypogonadism --- histopathology --- mouse model --- lysosomal storage disease --- cell and animal models --- infantile nephropathic cystinosis --- bone-muscle wasting --- fibroblast growth factor 23 --- osteoclasts --- sclerostin --- leptin --- fractures --- nephropathic cystinosis --- hollow fiber membrane --- 3-dimensional models --- autophagy --- macrophages --- inflammasome --- proximal tubular cells --- endocytosis --- apoptosis --- chitotriosidase --- interleukins --- galectin-3 --- novel therapies --- endolysosome --- epithelial cell differentiation --- homeostasis --- lysosomal storage diseases --- mitochondrial distress --- kidney proximal tubule --- programmed cell death --- central nervous system --- cortical atrophy --- arterial spin labelling --- cystine blood level --- lysosomal storage disorder --- history --- treatment strategies for cystinosis --- newborn screening --- clinical course --- CTNS-pathogenic variants --- newborn screening for cystinosis --- kidney progenitors --- cell model --- biomarkers --- cystine --- kidney --- therapeutic monitoring

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The book is a collection of original research and review articles addressing the intriguing field of the cellular and molecular players involved in muscle homeostasis and regeneration. One of the most ambitious aspirations of modern medical science is the possibility of regenerating any damaged part of the body, including skeletal muscle. This desire has prompted clinicians and researchers to search for innovative technologies aimed at replacing organs and tissues that are compromised. In this context, the papers, collected in this book, addressing a specific aspects of muscle homeostasis and regeneration under physiopathologic conditions, will help us to better understand the underlying mechanisms of muscle healing and will help to design more appropriate therapeutic approaches to improve muscle regeneration and to counteract muscle diseases.

Research & information: general --- Biology, life sciences --- lysine --- mTORC1 --- satellite cells --- proliferation --- skeletal muscle growth --- muscle satellite cell --- transthyretin --- thyroid hormone --- myogenesis --- exosomes --- skeletal muscle --- genotype --- genetic variation --- muscle phenotypes --- sarcopenia --- aging --- calcium homeostasis --- hibernation --- mitochondria --- sarcoplasmic reticulum --- Acvr1b --- Tgfbr1 --- myostatin --- Col1a1 --- fibrosis --- atrophy --- IGF2R --- muscle homeostasis --- inflammation --- muscular dystrophy --- pericytes --- macrophages --- Nfix --- phagocytosis --- RhoA-ROCK1 --- splicing isoforms --- CRISPR-Cas9 --- exon deletion --- NF-Y --- muscle differentiation --- C2C12 cells --- denervation --- neuromuscular junction --- heavy resistance exercise --- acetylcholine receptor --- cell culture --- neonatal myosin --- neural cell adhesion molecule --- biomarkers --- mitophagy --- mitochondrial dynamics --- mitochondrial quality control --- mitochondrial-derived vesicles (MDVs) --- mitochondrial-lysosomal axis --- Hibernation --- electron microscopy --- immunocytochemistry --- α-smooth muscle actin --- confocal microscopy --- connexin 43 --- connexin 26 --- gap junctions --- myofibroblasts --- Platelet-Rich Plasma --- transforming growth factor (TGF)-β1 --- muscle regeneration --- inflammatory response --- cell precursors --- experimental methods --- stem cell markers --- muscles --- heterotopic ossification --- skeletal muscle stem and progenitor cells --- HO precursors --- muscle atrophy --- septicemia --- mitochondrial fusion --- mitochondrial fission --- iPSC --- extracellular vesicles --- Drosophila --- muscle --- genetic control --- muscle diversification --- fascicle --- myofiber --- myofibril --- sarcomere --- hypertrophy --- hyperplasia --- splitting --- radial growth --- longitudinal growth --- exercise --- muscle stem cells --- stem cells niche --- neuromuscular disorders --- Duchenne muscular dystrophy --- pharmacological approach --- single-cell --- mass cytometry --- skeletal muscle regeneration --- skeletal muscle homeostasis --- fibro/adipogenic progenitors --- myogenic progenitors --- muscle populations --- evolution --- metazoans --- differentiation --- transdifferentiation --- muscle precursors --- regenerative medicine --- stem cells --- FAPs --- tissue niche --- growth factors --- muscle pathology --- lysine --- mTORC1 --- satellite cells --- proliferation --- skeletal muscle growth --- muscle satellite cell --- transthyretin --- thyroid hormone --- myogenesis --- exosomes --- skeletal muscle --- genotype --- genetic variation --- muscle phenotypes --- sarcopenia --- aging --- calcium homeostasis --- hibernation --- mitochondria --- sarcoplasmic reticulum --- Acvr1b --- Tgfbr1 --- myostatin --- Col1a1 --- fibrosis --- atrophy --- IGF2R --- muscle homeostasis --- inflammation --- muscular dystrophy --- pericytes --- macrophages --- Nfix --- phagocytosis --- RhoA-ROCK1 --- splicing isoforms --- CRISPR-Cas9 --- exon deletion --- NF-Y --- muscle differentiation --- C2C12 cells --- denervation --- neuromuscular junction --- heavy resistance exercise --- acetylcholine receptor --- cell culture --- neonatal myosin --- neural cell adhesion molecule --- biomarkers --- mitophagy --- mitochondrial dynamics --- mitochondrial quality control --- mitochondrial-derived vesicles (MDVs) --- mitochondrial-lysosomal axis --- Hibernation --- electron microscopy --- immunocytochemistry --- α-smooth muscle actin --- confocal microscopy --- connexin 43 --- connexin 26 --- gap junctions --- myofibroblasts --- Platelet-Rich Plasma --- transforming growth factor (TGF)-β1 --- muscle regeneration --- inflammatory response --- cell precursors --- experimental methods --- stem cell markers --- muscles --- heterotopic ossification --- skeletal muscle stem and progenitor cells --- HO precursors --- muscle atrophy --- septicemia --- mitochondrial fusion --- mitochondrial fission --- iPSC --- extracellular vesicles --- Drosophila --- muscle --- genetic control --- muscle diversification --- fascicle --- myofiber --- myofibril --- sarcomere --- hypertrophy --- hyperplasia --- splitting --- radial growth --- longitudinal growth --- exercise --- muscle stem cells --- stem cells niche --- neuromuscular disorders --- Duchenne muscular dystrophy --- pharmacological approach --- single-cell --- mass cytometry --- skeletal muscle regeneration --- skeletal muscle homeostasis --- fibro/adipogenic progenitors --- myogenic progenitors --- muscle populations --- evolution --- metazoans --- differentiation --- transdifferentiation --- muscle precursors --- regenerative medicine --- stem cells --- FAPs --- tissue niche --- growth factors --- muscle pathology