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Intellectual disability facilities --- People with mental disabilities --- Benevolent institutions --- Mental retardation facilities --- Health facilities --- Intellectually disabled persons --- Mental disabilities, People with --- Mentally deficient persons --- Mentally disabled persons --- Mentally disordered persons --- Mentally handicapped --- Mentally retarded persons --- People with intellectual disabilities --- Retarded persons --- People with disabilities --- Intellectual disability --- Mentally ill --- History. --- Services for --- Institutional care --- Wrentham State School

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This unique analysis of the rise of the juvenile justice system from the nineteenth to twentieth centuries uses one of the harshest states-California-as a case study for examining racism in the treatment of incarcerated young people of color. Using rich new untapped archives, States of Delinquency is the first book to explore the experiences of young Mexican Americans, African Americans, and ethnic Euro-Americans in California correctional facilities including Whittier State School for Boys and the Preston School of Industry. Miroslava Chávez-García examines the ideologies and practices used by state institutions as they began to replace families and communities in punishing youth, and explores the application of science and pseudo-scientific research in the disproportionate classification of youths of color as degenerate. She also shows how these boys and girls, and their families, resisted increasingly harsh treatment and various kinds of abuse, including sterilization.

Crime and race - California - History. --- Crime and race -- California -- History. --- Eugenics - California - History. --- Eugenics -- California -- History. --- Juvenile delinquents - California - History. --- Juvenile delinquents -- California -- History. --- Juvenile justice, Administration of - California - History. --- Minority youth - California - History. --- Minority youth -- California -- History. --- Preston School of Industry (Ione, Calif.). --- Whittier State School (Whittier, Calif.). --- Juvenile justice, Administration of --- Minority youth --- Juvenile delinquents --- Crime and race --- Eugenics --- Social Welfare & Social Work --- Social Sciences --- Criminology, Penology & Juvenile Delinquency --- Homiculture --- Race improvement --- Euthenics --- Heredity --- Involuntary sterilization --- Race and crime --- Race-crime relationships --- Race --- Administration of juvenile justice --- Criminal justice, Administration of --- Delinquents --- Delinquents, Juvenile --- Juvenile offenders --- Offenders, Juvenile --- Offenders, Youthful --- Young offenders --- Youthful offenders --- Criminals --- Youth --- History --- Law and legislation --- Whittier State School (Whittier, Calif.) --- Preston School of Industry (Ione, Calif.) --- California. --- Juvenile justice, Administration of - California - History --- Minority youth - California - History --- Juvenile delinquents - California - History --- Crime and race - California - History --- Eugenics - California - History --- 19th century california. --- 19th century crime. --- 20th century california. --- 20th century crime. --- african americans and justice system. --- american criminal system. --- california history. --- crime and juveniles. --- crime and punishment. --- crime and racism. --- crime and sociology. --- crime. --- criminal investigation. --- criminology. --- juvenile crime. --- juvenile justice system. --- juveniles and punishment. --- mexican americans and crime. --- preston school of industry. --- racism in justice system. --- western us history. --- whittier state school for boys.

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The United States Supreme Court's 1954 landmark decision, Brown v. Board of Education, set into motion a process of desegregation that would eventually transform American public schools. This book provides a comprehensive and up-to-date assessment of how Brown's most visible effect--contact between students of different racial groups--has changed over the fifty years since the decision. Using both published and unpublished data on school enrollments from across the country, Charles Clotfelter uses measures of interracial contact, racial isolation, and segregation to chronicle the changes. He goes beyond previous studies by drawing on heretofore unanalyzed enrollment data covering the first decade after Brown, calculating segregation for metropolitan areas rather than just school districts, accounting for private schools, presenting recent information on segregation within schools, and measuring segregation in college enrollment. Two main conclusions emerge. First, interracial contact in American schools and colleges increased markedly over the period, with the most dramatic changes occurring in the previously segregated South. Second, despite this change, four main factors prevented even larger increases: white reluctance to accept racially mixed schools, the multiplicity of options for avoiding such schools, the willingness of local officials to accommodate the wishes of reluctant whites, and the eventual loss of will on the part of those who had been the strongest protagonists in the push for desegregation. Thus decreases in segregation within districts were partially offset by growing disparities between districts and by selected increases in private school enrollment.

Education and state --- Segregation in education --- School integration --- African Americans --- Education --- Segregation --- Academic achievement. --- Affirmative action. --- African Americans. --- Asian Americans. --- Attendance. --- Black school. --- Border Region. --- Brown v. Board of Education. --- Calculation. --- Catholic school. --- Census tract. --- Central State University. --- Charlotte-Mecklenburg Schools. --- Cheyney University of Pennsylvania. --- Civil Rights Act of 1964. --- Classroom. --- Common Core State Standards Initiative. --- Community college. --- De jure. --- Desegregation busing. --- Desegregation. --- Education. --- Elementary school. --- Equal Education. --- Equal opportunity. --- Ethnic group. --- Extracurricular activity. --- Finding. --- Fort Wayne Community Schools. --- Gary Orfield. --- Gordon Allport. --- Graduate school. --- Gunnar Myrdal. --- Harvard College. --- Harvard University. --- Higher education. --- Historically black colleges and universities. --- Household. --- Income. --- Institution. --- Integrated Postsecondary Education Data System. --- Junior college. --- Kindergarten. --- Lincoln University (Pennsylvania). --- Magnet school. --- Matriculation. --- Metropolitan statistical area. --- Middle school. --- Milliken v. Bradley. --- Minority group. --- Mixed-sex education. --- National Association for the Advancement of Colored People. --- National Association of Independent Schools. --- National Center for Education Statistics. --- New York City Department of Education. --- Ninth grade. --- Of Education. --- Office for Civil Rights. --- Pell Grant. --- Percentage point. --- Percentage. --- Policy debate. --- Private school. --- Private sector. --- Private university. --- Psychologist. --- Public school (United Kingdom). --- Public university. --- Racial "a. --- Racial integration. --- Racial segregation. --- Racism. --- Rates (tax). --- School choice. --- School district. --- School of education. --- Secondary education. --- Secondary school. --- Self-esteem. --- Separate school. --- Slavery. --- Social class. --- Social science. --- Sociology. --- Special education. --- State school. --- Student. --- Students' union. --- Suburb. --- Sweatt v. Painter. --- Teacher. --- Tenth grade. --- Tuition payments. --- Undergraduate education. --- University and college admission. --- University of North Carolina. --- University-preparatory school. --- University. --- White flight. --- Year.

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How the financial pressures of paying for college affect the lives and well-being of middle-class families The struggle to pay for college is a defining feature of middle-class life in America. Caitlin Zaloom takes readers into homes of families throughout the nation to reveal the hidden consequences of student debt and the ways that financing college has transformed our most sacred relationships. She describes the profound moral conflicts for parents as they try to honor what they see as their highest parental duty-providing their children with opportunity-and shows how parents and students alike are forced to gamble on an investment that might not pay off. Superbly written and unflinchingly honest, Indebted breaks through the culture of silence surrounding the student debt crisis, exposing the unspoken costs of sending our kids to college.

Student loans. --- Middle class families. --- Loans, Personal. --- Education, Higher --- SOCIAL SCIENCE / Social Classes --- Middle class families --- Loans, Personal --- Student loans --- Student loan funds --- Student loan programs --- Loans --- Student aid --- Scholarships --- Families --- Consumer loans --- Loans, Consumer --- Loans, Small --- Personal loans --- Small loans --- Consumer credit --- Finance. --- Costs. --- United States. --- 529 plan. --- Ability To Pay. --- Adviser. --- African American Family. --- African Americans. --- Aid. --- American middle class. --- Americans. --- Anthropologist. --- Associate degree. --- Bachelor's degree. --- Bankruptcy. --- Calculation. --- Capitalism. --- Career. --- Center for Advanced Study in the Behavioral Sciences. --- Center on Budget and Policy Priorities. --- College Board. --- Community college. --- Consideration. --- Customer. --- Debt. --- Determination. --- Economics. --- Economist. --- Education. --- Employment. --- Expected Family Contribution. --- Expense. --- FAFSA. --- Family Lives. --- Family income. --- Financial adviser. --- Financial literacy. --- For-profit higher education in the United States. --- Funding. --- Graduation. --- Grandparent. --- Higher education. --- His Family. --- Historically black colleges and universities. --- Home equity. --- Household. --- Income. --- Institution. --- Interview. --- Investment fund. --- Investor. --- Middle class. --- Mortgage loan. --- Nancy Fraser. --- Narrative. --- New York University. --- Nuclear family. --- Of Education. --- Oppression. --- PLUS Loan. --- Parenting. --- Payment. --- Pension. --- Poverty. --- Private school. --- Private university. --- Public institution (United States). --- Public university. --- Pundit. --- Racism. --- Rational choice theory. --- Remarriage. --- Repayment plan. --- Requirement. --- Research assistant. --- Retirement. --- Russell Sage Foundation. --- Salary. --- Sallie Mae. --- Saving. --- Scholarship. --- Security (finance). --- Sibling. --- Social mobility. --- Social science. --- Sociology. --- Standard of living. --- State school. --- Student debt. --- Student loan. --- Student. --- Subsidy. --- Tax. --- Technology. --- Trade-off. --- Tuition payments. --- Uncertainty. --- University. --- Vocational education. --- Wealth. --- Welfare. --- Year. --- ABŞ --- ABSh --- Ameerika Ühendriigid --- America (Republic) --- Amerika Birlăshmish Shtatlary --- Amerika Birlăşmi Ştatları --- Amerika Birlăşmiş Ştatları --- Amerika ka Kelenyalen Jamanaw --- Amerika Qūrama Shtattary --- Amerika Qŭshma Shtatlari --- Amerika Qushma Shtattary --- Amerika (Republic) --- Amerikai Egyesült Államok --- Amerikanʹ Veĭtʹsėndi͡avks Shtattnė --- Amerikări Pĕrleshu̇llĕ Shtatsem --- Amerikas Forenede Stater --- Amerikayi Miatsʻyal Nahangner --- Ameriketako Estatu Batuak --- Amirika Carékat --- AQSh --- Ar. ha-B. --- Arhab --- Artsot ha-Berit --- Artzois Ha'bris --- Bí-kok --- Ē.P.A. --- É.-U. --- EE.UU. --- Egyesült Államok --- ĒPA --- Estados Unidos --- Estados Unidos da América do Norte --- Estados Unidos de América --- Estaos Xuníos --- Estaos Xuníos d'América --- Estatos Unitos --- Estatos Unitos d'America --- Estats Units d'Amèrica --- Ètats-Unis d'Amèrica --- États-Unis d'Amérique --- ÉU --- Fareyniḳṭe Shṭaṭn --- Feriene Steaten --- Feriene Steaten fan Amearika --- Forente stater --- FS --- Hēnomenai Politeiai Amerikēs --- Hēnōmenes Politeies tēs Amerikēs --- Hiwsisayin Amerikayi Miatsʻeal Tērutʻiwnkʻ --- Istadus Unidus --- Jungtinės Amerikos valstybės --- Mei guo --- Mei-kuo --- Meiguo --- Mî-koet --- Miatsʻyal Nahangner --- Miguk --- Na Stàitean Aonaichte --- NSA --- S.U.A. --- SAD --- Saharat ʻAmērikā --- SASht --- Severo-Amerikanskie Shtaty --- Severo-Amerikanskie Soedinennye Shtaty --- Si͡evero-Amerikanskīe Soedinennye Shtaty --- Sjedinjene Američke Države --- Soedinennye Shtaty Ameriki --- Soedinennye Shtaty Severnoĭ Ameriki --- Soedinennye Shtaty Si͡evernoĭ Ameriki --- Spojené obce severoamerické --- Spojené staty americké --- SShA --- Stadoù-Unanet Amerika --- Stáit Aontaithe Mheiriceá --- Stany Zjednoczone --- Stati Uniti --- Stati Uniti d'America --- Stâts Unîts --- Stâts Unîts di Americhe --- Steatyn Unnaneysit --- Steatyn Unnaneysit America --- SUA --- Sŭedineni amerikanski shtati --- Sŭedinenite shtati --- Tetã peteĩ reko Amérikagua --- U.S. --- U.S.A. --- United States of America --- Unol Daleithiau --- Unol Daleithiau America --- Unuiĝintaj Ŝtatoj de Ameriko --- US --- USA --- Usono --- Vaeinigte Staatn --- Vaeinigte Staatn vo Amerika --- Vereinigte Staaten --- Vereinigte Staaten von Amerika --- Verenigde State van Amerika --- Verenigde Staten --- VS --- VSA --- Wááshindoon Bikéyah Ałhidadiidzooígíí --- Wilāyāt al-Muttaḥidah --- Wilāyāt al-Muttaḥidah al-Amirīkīyah --- Wilāyāt al-Muttaḥidah al-Amrīkīyah --- Yhdysvallat --- Yunaeted Stet --- Yunaeted Stet blong Amerika --- ZDA --- Združene države Amerike --- Zʹi͡ednani Derz͡havy Ameryky --- Zjadnośone staty Ameriki --- Zluchanyi͡a Shtaty Ameryki --- Zlucheni Derz͡havy --- ZSA