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Government aid. --- Government support --- State aid --- Finance, Public --- Federal aid

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This work is aimed at the national soccer (football) fan community. It is not limited only to stating names of sports events, players, associations and statistical data since, without wanting to dismiss the importance of the anecdotal element, it is even more edifying and beneficial to analyze the genesis of Costa Rican soccer (football) from a social perspective, based on its first reference in 1898, until 1921, the year in which it permanently and definitively acquired its federalization and the official status of national representation in the international arena.

History of sport --- Football (Soccer, Association football) --- Sport --- Soccer (Football) --- Costa Rica --- Catholic Church --- Government --- State Aid --- Sport --- Soccer (Football) --- Costa Rica --- Catholic Church --- Government --- State Aid

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"Disaster Labs examines the promise and potential drawbacks of public-private disaster response frameworks during the course of seven chapters. After the introduction, the author introduces a series of case studies and then provides a detailed discussion of public-private collaboration in California, Florida, New York, and Virginia. A concluding chapter then comparatively assesses the value of these partnerships. The cases discussed in Disaster Labs range from informal ad hoc collaborations to formalized initiatives with detailed structures defined in contracts and memoranda, setting expectations for performance and accountability for both the government and private actors. Such accountability is desirable as it can limit fraud and corruption. But it is important to emphasize that not all solutions work in all situations, either"--

Public-private sector cooperation --- Emergency management --- Disaster relief --- government response --- natural disasters --- emergency response --- state aid

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State aid impact evaluation is new in Romania. Given its novelty, the ex post evaluation seeks to provide evidence on how effective state aid has been, on whether state aid distorted competition, and on the implications for state aid design and implementation. These aspects are fundamental to improving the efficiency of public spending and minimizing market distortions. The ex post evaluation focuses on three state aid schemes to assess whether and to what extent the aid objectives have been fulfilled, and it measures their spillover effects as well as the effects on competition outcomes. Selected based on the their importance in supporting key policy objectives, their design and complexity, and the instruments used, the three schemes include de minimis aid implemented by the Romanian Counter-Guarantee Fund and designed to incentivize access to finance for micro, small, and medium enterprises (MSMEs); state aid granted by the Ministry of Public Finance to support regional development and job creation; and state aid provided by the Ministry of European Funds to support the upgrade and modernization of research, development, and innovation. The analysis finds evidence that the state aid schemes met their objectives without distorting competition significantly. The results for the de minimis scheme to incentivize access to finance for micro, small, and medium enterprises showed that the scheme increased employment and turnover of beneficiary firms and reduced the probability of aided firms closing. The state aid scheme to support regional development and job creation fulfilled its main objectives, with robust evidence of a positive direct effect on employment creation and, to some extent, on investment. Regarding the state aid scheme to support the upgrade and modernization of research, development, and innovation, the analysis found evidence that the scheme helped promote research and development efforts.

Competition Outcomes --- Control Group --- Counterfactual --- Direct Effect --- Market Distortion --- Spillover Effects --- State Aid --- Treated Group

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"This revised and updated Research Handbook on European State Aid Law brings together established academics and practitioners to provide a wide-ranging coverage of the field. Incorporating political science, economics and the law in its analysis, it provides a strong overview of the salient issues in State aid law and policy. Chapters address the significance of State aid to various aspects of the political and legal systems of the Member States, including taxation, the financial sector, and the interplay between EU rules on State aid, free movement and public procurement. The Research Handbook further examines the application of the State aid rules to major sectors of the EU economy and introduces brand new themes for State aid analysis, such as arbitration, social services and the impact of Brexit. Featuring theoretical explorations and empirical studies, this Research Handbook will be crucial reading for scholars and researchers of EU State aid law, especially those searching for new avenues of research. It will also be a useful reference point for officials in national governments and the European Commission who are engaged in the State aid approval process. Judges hoping to expand their knowledge of EU State aid law and policy will also benefit from this insightful Research Handbook"--

Government aid --- Subsidies --- Subventions --- Law and legislation --- Droit européen --- Government support --- State aid --- Finance, Public --- Federal aid --- Droit européen