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This book explores the modern transformation of state and society in the Indian Himalaya. Centred on three Rajput-led kingdoms during the transition to British rule (c. 1790-1840) and their interconnected histories, it demonstrates how border making practices engendered a modern reading of 'tradition' that informs communal identities to date. By revising the history of these mountain kings on the basis of extensive archival, textual, and ethnographic research, it offers an alternative to popular and scholarly discourses that grew with the rise of colonial knowledge. This revision ultimately points to the important contribution of borderland spaces to the fabrication of group identities.

Rajput (Indic people) --- India --- History --- Rajasthan (Indic people) --- Rajasthani (Indic people) --- Rajpoot (Indic people) --- Rajputs --- Ethnology --- Raiput (Indic people) --- Early Colonial Encounter, Borderlands, Himalaya, Rajput, Kingship, State Formation.

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What gave rise to the Norse legal system? When? And where were the meeting places under this system located? These are questions that have long remained unanswered in Norwegian and Northern European history.An overriding theme of the book is establishing when this legal system arose and how it developed over time at the local and regional levels. Central topics include the localization of assembly sites in the landscape and how these sites became important to the consolidation of power structures and, later on, the royal system of governance. The ‘things’ are discussed in relation to successive political and economic structures as well as the influence of conditions within settlements and society. The book also looks at the assembly sites in their various contexts regarding localization and importance in the region, and in connection with the system’s development in Northern Europe.The Landscape of the Law provides extensive insight into the places where law and justice and related legal matters were decided in Viken. This is an aspect of Norway’s territorial division that has not been addressed in prior research. The book is relevant for researchers and history and archeology students working in such areas as legal and religious history, administrative jurisdictions, and state-formation processes, as well as local historians and other readers interested in cultural history. Når og hvorfor oppstod det norrøne rettssystemet og hvor var tingstedene lokalisert? Dette er tema som lenge har vært ubesvart i norsk og nord-europeisk historie.I Rettens landskap. Tingsteder og rettskretser i Viken i jernalder og middelalder undersøkes stedene for rettsmøter (tingsteder) og den administrative organisasjonen i det historiske Viken-området: de kystnære og sentrale delene av Sørøst-Norge, fra Telemark i vest til Bohuslän i øst. Dette geografiske området utgjør Borgartingets lovområde i middelalderen. Gjennom arkeologiske funn, onomastiske, topografiske og historiske kilder, diskuteres fremveksten av det juridiske landskapet i et langtidsperspektiv fra jernalder til middelalder, det vil si perioden 100–1600 e.Kr.Et gjennomgående tema er når rettssystemet oppsto og hvordan det utviklet seg over tid, både på lokalt og regionalt nivå. Sentralt står lokaliseringen av tingstedene i landskapet, og hvordan tingstedene inngikk som en viktig del av konsolideringen av maktstrukturer og senere kongelige styringssystem. Tingene drøftes i sammenheng med skiftende politiske og økonomiske strukturer, samt bosetnings- og samfunnsforhold som kan ha påvirket tingsystemet. Boken ser også på tingstedene i deres ulike kontekster med hensyn til lokalisering og betydning i regionen, og i sammenheng med tingsystemets utvikling i Nord-Europa.Rettens landskap gir dyptgående innsikt i steder for lov og rett og tilhørende rettsområder i Viken. Dette er en del av Norges territorielle inndeling som ikke har vært belyst i tidligere forskning.Boken er relevant for forskere og studenter innenfor historie og arkeologi som arbeider med eldre retts- og kirkehistorie, administrative inndelinger og statsdannelsesprosesser, men den er også velegnet for lokalhistorikere og kulturhistorisk interesserte lesere.

Thing sites, assembly sites, church sites, skip-levy organisation, administrative areas, law area, state formation processes, Tingsteder, kirkesteder, administrative områder, leidangsorganisasjonen, lovområder, rikssamling, statsformasjonsprosesser

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What gave rise to the Norse legal system? When? And where were the meeting places under this system located? These are questions that have long remained unanswered in Norwegian and Northern European history.An overriding theme of the book is establishing when this legal system arose and how it developed over time at the local and regional levels. Central topics include the localization of assembly sites in the landscape and how these sites became important to the consolidation of power structures and, later on, the royal system of governance. The ‘things’ are discussed in relation to successive political and economic structures as well as the influence of conditions within settlements and society. The book also looks at the assembly sites in their various contexts regarding localization and importance in the region, and in connection with the system’s development in Northern Europe.The Landscape of the Law provides extensive insight into the places where law and justice and related legal matters were decided in Viken. This is an aspect of Norway’s territorial division that has not been addressed in prior research. The book is relevant for researchers and history and archeology students working in such areas as legal and religious history, administrative jurisdictions, and state-formation processes, as well as local historians and other readers interested in cultural history. Når og hvorfor oppstod det norrøne rettssystemet og hvor var tingstedene lokalisert? Dette er tema som lenge har vært ubesvart i norsk og nord-europeisk historie.I Rettens landskap. Tingsteder og rettskretser i Viken i jernalder og middelalder undersøkes stedene for rettsmøter (tingsteder) og den administrative organisasjonen i det historiske Viken-området: de kystnære og sentrale delene av Sørøst-Norge, fra Telemark i vest til Bohuslän i øst. Dette geografiske området utgjør Borgartingets lovområde i middelalderen. Gjennom arkeologiske funn, onomastiske, topografiske og historiske kilder, diskuteres fremveksten av det juridiske landskapet i et langtidsperspektiv fra jernalder til middelalder, det vil si perioden 100–1600 e.Kr.Et gjennomgående tema er når rettssystemet oppsto og hvordan det utviklet seg over tid, både på lokalt og regionalt nivå. Sentralt står lokaliseringen av tingstedene i landskapet, og hvordan tingstedene inngikk som en viktig del av konsolideringen av maktstrukturer og senere kongelige styringssystem. Tingene drøftes i sammenheng med skiftende politiske og økonomiske strukturer, samt bosetnings- og samfunnsforhold som kan ha påvirket tingsystemet. Boken ser også på tingstedene i deres ulike kontekster med hensyn til lokalisering og betydning i regionen, og i sammenheng med tingsystemets utvikling i Nord-Europa.Rettens landskap gir dyptgående innsikt i steder for lov og rett og tilhørende rettsområder i Viken. Dette er en del av Norges territorielle inndeling som ikke har vært belyst i tidligere forskning.Boken er relevant for forskere og studenter innenfor historie og arkeologi som arbeider med eldre retts- og kirkehistorie, administrative inndelinger og statsdannelsesprosesser, men den er også velegnet for lokalhistorikere og kulturhistorisk interesserte lesere.

Medieval European archaeology --- Landscape archaeology --- Thing sites, assembly sites, church sites, skip-levy organisation, administrative areas, law area, state formation processes, Tingsteder, kirkesteder, administrative områder, leidangsorganisasjonen, lovområder, rikssamling, statsformasjonsprosesser --- Thing sites, assembly sites, church sites, skip-levy organisation, administrative areas, law area, state formation processes, Tingsteder, kirkesteder, administrative områder, leidangsorganisasjonen, lovområder, rikssamling, statsformasjonsprosesser

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In state formation research, princely houses have been a blind spot. The development of states has been discussed from many perspectives, like interstate competition, internal social conflicts, fiscal-military developments, etc., but at the centre of most European states, there was a princely house. These ruling houses have been overlooked in studies about state formation. What's more, when discussing such dynasties, the vertical chronological perspective (grandfather-father-son) is all dominating, for instance in the focus on dynastic continuity, dynastic culture and representation, and the like. This collection of essays highlights the horizontal perspective (ruler, all children, siblings, cousins), in asking how the members of a princely family acted as a power network. The quest is to develop an understanding how this family network interplayed with other factors in the state formation process. This volume brings together existing knowledge of the topic with the aim of exchanging insights and furthering knowledge.

Europe --- History --- Monarchy --- Royal houses --- HISTORY / Europe / General. --- History. --- State Formation, Dynasties, Conglomerate States. --- Dynasties (Royal houses) --- Royal families --- Royalty --- Kings and rulers --- Kingdom (Monarchy) --- Executive power --- Political science --- Royalists

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How do warlords survive and even thrive in contexts that are explicitly set up to undermine them? How do they rise after each fall? Warlord Survival answers these questions. Drawing on hundreds of in-depth interviews in Afghanistan between 2007 and 2018, with ministers, governors, a former vice-president, warlords and their entourages, opposition leaders, diplomats, NGO workers, and local journalists and researchers, Romain Malejacq provides a full investigation of how warlords adapt and explains why weak states like Afghanistan allow it to happen.Malejacq follows the careers of four warlords in Herat, Sheberghan, and Panjshir—Ismail Khan, Abdul Rashid Dostum, Ahmad Shah Massoud, and Mohammad Qasim Fahim). He shows how they have successfully negotiated complicated political environments to survive ever since the beginning of the Soviet-Afghan war. The picture he paints in Warlord Survival is one of astute political entrepreneurs with a proven ability to organize violence. Warlords exert authority through a process in which they combine, instrumentalize, and convert different forms of power to prevent the emergence of a strong, centralized state. But, as Malejacq shows, the personal relationships and networks fundamental to the authority of Ismail Khan, Dostum, Massoud, and Fahim are not necessarily contrary to bureaucratic state authority. In fact, these four warlords, and others like them, offer durable and flexible forms of power in unstable, violent countries.

Warlordism --- Warlordism and international relations --- Nation-building --- Political culture --- Culture --- Political science --- Stabilization and reconstruction (International relations) --- State-building --- Political development --- International relations and warlordism --- International relations --- Dictatorship --- Military government --- History. --- Afghanistan --- Politics and government --- warlord, Afghanistan, state building, state formation, survival.