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Why have informal enterprise networks failed to promote economic development in Africa? Although social networks were thought to offer a solution to state incapacity and market failure, the proliferation of socially embedded enterprise networks across Africa has generated disorder and economic decline rather than development. This book challenges the prevailing assumption that the problem of African development lies in bad cultural institutions by showing that informal economic governance in Nigeria is shaped, not just by culture, but by the disruptive effects of rapid liberalization, state decline and political capture. 'Identity Economics' traces the rise of two dynamic informal enterprise clusters in Nigeria, and explores their slide into trajectories of Pentecostalism, poverty and violent vigilantism. Drawing on over twenty years of empirical research on African informal economies, the author highlights the institutional legacies, networking strategies and globalizing dynamics that shape the regulatory role of social networks in Africa's largest and most turbulent economy. Through an ethnography of informal economic governance, this book shows how ties of ethnicity, class, gender and religion are used to restructure enterprise networks in response to contemporary economic challenges. Moving beyond primordialist interpretations of African culture, attention is drawn to the critical role of the state and the macro-economic policy environment in shaping trajectories of informal economic governance. KATE MEAGHER is a former Research Associate at Queen Elizabeth House, University of Oxford and is currently a Lecturer in the Development Studies Institute at the London School of Economics. Nigeria: HEBN.
Economic conditions. Economic development --- Nigeria --- Informal sector (Economics) --- Social networks --- Economic development --- Secteur informel (Economie politique) --- Réseaux sociaux --- Développement économique --- Economic aspects --- Case studies --- Aspect économique --- Cas, Etudes de --- Réseaux sociaux --- Développement économique --- Aspect économique --- Hidden economy --- Parallel economy --- Second economy --- Shadow economy --- Subterranean economy --- Underground economy --- Artisans --- Economics --- Small business --- Development, Economic --- Economic growth --- Growth, Economic --- Economic policy --- Statics and dynamics (Social sciences) --- Development economics --- Resource curse --- Networking, Social --- Networks, Social --- Social networking --- Social support systems --- Support systems, Social --- Interpersonal relations --- Cliques (Sociology) --- Microblogs --- Class. --- Economic Challenges. --- Economic Development. --- Ethnicity. --- Gender. --- Informal Enterprise Networks. --- Nigeria. --- Pentecostalism. --- Political Capture. --- Poverty. --- Rapid Liberalization. --- Religion. --- Socially Embedded Enterprise Networks. --- State Decline. --- Violent Vigilantism. --- Case studies.
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This book, the first of its kind, provides a sweeping critical history of social theories about war and peace from Hobbes to the present. Distinguished social theorists Hans Joas and Wolfgang Knöbl present both a broad intellectual history and an original argument as they trace the development of thinking about war over more than 350 years--from the premodern era to the period of German idealism and the Scottish and French enlightenments, and then from the birth of sociology in the nineteenth century through the twentieth century. While focusing on social thought, the book draws on many disciplines, including philosophy, anthropology, and political science. Joas and Knöbl demonstrate the profound difficulties most social thinkers--including liberals, socialists, and those intellectuals who could be regarded as the first sociologists--had in coming to terms with the phenomenon of war, the most obvious form of large-scale social violence. With only a few exceptions, these thinkers, who believed deeply in social progress, were unable to account for war because they regarded it as marginal or archaic, and on the verge of disappearing. This overly optimistic picture of the modern world persisted in social theory even in the twentieth century, as most sociologists and social theorists either ignored war and violence in their theoretical work or tried to explain it away. The failure of the social sciences and especially sociology to understand war, Joas and Knöbl argue, must be seen as one of the greatest weaknesses of disciplines that claim to give a convincing diagnosis of our times.
Sociology --- War and society. --- Social theory --- Social sciences --- Society and war --- War --- Civilians in war --- Sociology, Military --- History --- Social aspects --- American sociology. --- Auguste Comte. --- Carl Schmitt. --- Carl von Clausewitz. --- First World War. --- Germany. --- Hans Speier. --- Herbert Spencer. --- Immanuel Kant. --- James Mill. --- Jean-Jacques Rousseau. --- Jeremy Bentham. --- John Stuart Mill. --- Marxism. --- Michael Doyle. --- Michel Foucault. --- Montesquieu. --- Napoleonic Wars. --- Otto Hintze. --- Roger Caillois. --- Thomas Hobbes. --- United States. --- Werner Sombart. --- capitalism. --- democracy. --- democratic peace. --- democratization. --- empire building. --- failed states. --- free trade. --- historical sociology. --- intellectuals. --- international relations. --- liberalism. --- marketization. --- militarism. --- military sociology. --- modernity. --- modernization theory. --- new wars. --- peace. --- political migrs. --- progressive optimism. --- social change. --- social progress. --- social theory. --- social thought. --- sociology. --- state decline. --- total war. --- violence. --- virtue. --- war.
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