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This book presents the basic concepts and recent developments of linear control problems with perturbations. The presentation concerns both continuous and discrete dynamical systems. It is self-contained and illustrated by numerous examples. From the contents: Notion of state observers Observability Observers of full-phase vectors for fully determined linear systems Functional observers for fully determined linear systems Asymptotic observers for linear systems with uncertainty Observers for bilinear and discrete systems

Control theory. --- Linear systems. --- Systems, Linear --- Differential equations, Linear --- System theory --- Dynamics --- Machine theory --- Control Theory. --- Dynamical Systems. --- State Control. --- Systems of Linear Ordinary Differential Equations.

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Since its independence in the nineteenth century, the South American state of Colombia has been shaped by decades of bloody political violence. In The Para-State, Aldo Civico draws on interviews with paramilitary death squads and drug lords to provide a cultural interpretation of the country's history of violence and state control. Between 2003 and 2008, Civico gained unprecedented access to some of Colombia's most notorious leaders of the death squads. He also conducted interviews with the victims of paramilitary, with drug kingpins, and with vocal public supporters of the paramilitary groups. Drawing on the work of Deleuze and Guattari, this riveting work demonstrates how the paramilitaries have in essence become a war machine deployed by the Colombian state to control and maintain its territory and political legitimacy.

Death squads --- Paramilitary forces --- Assassins --- Vigilance committees --- Death squads - Colombia. --- 21st century colombia. --- cacique nutibara. --- cali cartel. --- colombian cartel. --- colombian control of citizenry. --- colombian death squads. --- colombian drug lords. --- colombian drug trade. --- colombian drug war. --- colombian paramilitary. --- colombian political violence. --- colombian politics. --- colombias drug kingpins. --- history of violence in colombia. --- paramilitary action in colombia. --- paramilitary death squads. --- state control in colombia. --- violence in colombia.

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Israel's ability to maintain its control over a large indigenous Palestinian population, both citizens and subjects who have been living under occupation into the twenty-first century, well after the demise of colonialism, represents a challenge for scholars of surveillance and colonialism. While this success might be attributed to multiple factors, one key element is the nature of the policies of population management, surveillance and political control it has employed. This book traces the genesis of these policies, their evolution and implementation in the first two decades of Israel's existence. The book begins by discussing the reasons and circumstances which allowed 156,000 out of 900,000 Palestinians to stay in the territory on which Israel was established and the initial debates among Israeli leaders on how to manage this non-Jewish population which remained in Israel; a state that was established for Jews. The book traces and analyses the various aspects of the policy plans and principles which were fashioned to manage the Palestinians in all aspects of their lives: their spatial distribution, natural growth, identities and categories of affiliation, the content of their education and the various means which affect their consciousness, their political behaviour and economic activities. Moreover, these plans identified the bureaucratic structures and the legal edifice through which they were governed. The book details how these policies and principles were fashioned and the mindset of those who composed them: their outlooks, calculations and reasoning. Moreover, it explores the ways in which they morally justified their decisions and reflected on the consequences of their judgements. It also deals with the ways in which these policies were implemented and thus affected the everyday lives of the Palestinians.

Palestinian Arabs --- Social conditions. --- Civil rights --- Government policy --- Israel --- Politics and government. --- Jewish-Arab relations --- International relations. --- POLITICAL SCIENCE / International Relations / General. --- Society & Social Sciences --- History. --- Politics & government --- Arabs --- Arabs in Israel --- Israeli Arabs --- Israeli discourse. --- Military Government. --- Palestinian minority. --- Palestinian population. --- institutional frameworks. --- insular minorities. --- international community. --- legal frameworks. --- non-Jews. --- political control. --- political rights. --- state control. --- state educational policy. --- state power. --- surveillance techniques.

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States are often minimally present in the rural periphery. Yet a limited presence does not mean a limited impact. Isolated state actions in regions where the state is otherwise scarce can have outsize, long-lasting effects on society. The Scarce State reframes our understanding of the political economy of hinterlands through a multi-method study of Northern Ghana alongside shadow cases from other world regions. Drawing on a historical natural experiment, the book shows how the contemporary economic and political elite emerged in Ghana's hinterland, linking interventions by an ostensibly weak state to new socio-economic inequality and grassroots efforts to reimagine traditional institutions. The book demonstrates how these state-generated societal changes reshaped access to political power, producing dynastic politics, clientelism, and violence. The Scarce State challenges common claims about state-building and state weakness, provides new evidence on the historical origins of inequality, and reconsiders the mechanisms linking historical institutions to contemporary politics.

Local government --- State supervision. --- Ghana --- Economic conditions. --- Politics and government. --- Municipal corporations --- Municipal government --- State control over local government --- State supervision over local government --- State supervision --- Scarcity --- Central-local government relations --- Political aspects --- Developing countries --- Rural conditions --- Center-periphery government relations --- Local-central government relations --- Local government-central government relations --- Political science --- Decentralization in government --- Federal government --- Deficiency --- Shortages --- Emerging nations --- Fourth World --- Global South --- LDC's --- Least developed countries --- Less developed countries --- Newly industrialized countries --- Newly industrializing countries --- NICs (Newly industrialized countries) --- Third World --- Underdeveloped areas --- Underdeveloped countries

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This work provides a comprehensive examination of the hospital movement that arose and prospered in northern Italy between the twelfth and fifteenth centuries.

Hospitals, Medieval --- Medieval hospitals --- History. --- History --- Szpitale --- Italy. --- Italia --- Italian Republic --- Italianska republika --- Italʹi͡anskai͡a Rėspublika --- Italie --- Italien --- Italii͡ --- Italii͡a Respublikasi --- Italiĭsʹka Respublika --- Itālija --- Itālijas Republika --- Italijos Respublika --- Italikē Dēmokratia --- Īṭāliy --- Italiya Respublikasi --- It'allia --- It'allia Konghwaguk --- İtalya --- İtalya Cumhuriyeti --- Iṭalyah --- Iṭalye --- Itaria --- Itaria Kyōwakoku --- Jumhūrīyah al-Īṭālīyah --- Kgl. Italienische Regierung --- Königliche Italienische Regierung --- Laško --- Lýðveldið Ítalía --- Olasz Köztársaság --- Olaszország --- Regno d'Italia --- Repubblica italiana --- Republiḳah ha-Iṭalḳit --- Włochy --- Yidali --- Yidali Gongheguo --- Italy --- Medieval History --- HISTORY / Europe / Medieval --- European history: medieval period, middle ages --- charity administration. --- charity distribution. --- church officials. --- foundational charters. --- hospital bureaucratization. --- hospital consolidation. --- hospital functions. --- hospital services. --- jurisdictional disputes. --- needy people. --- northern Italy. --- organized society. --- pious people. --- social services. --- state control. --- urban community.