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Master the DSST business mathematics exam.
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ISBN: 0768944775 Year: 2020 Publisher: Highlands Ranch, Colorado : Peterson's,

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This book provides a diagnostic pre-test with answers, an assessment grid to identify focus areas, subject matter review, and detailed explanations for all portions of the DSST Business Mathematics Exam.


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Developing Cross-Language Metrics for Reading Fluency Measurement : Some Issues and Options.
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Year: 2012 Publisher: Washington, D.C. : The World Bank,

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Since 2005, over 70 oral reading fluency tests have been given in many languages and scripts, either as part of the Early Grade Reading Assessment (EGRA) or as individual one-minute tests. Particularly in multilingual countries, reading speed and comprehension measures have been taken in multiple languages and also in multiple scripts. The development of language has a significant genetic component, which tends to create common grammatical structures. Then languages must conform to information processing limitations, notably to working memory capacity. On the basis of such features, it may be possible to develop common standards for performance improvement compare findings cross linguistically. Languages are most comparable when large chunks are used rather than single words. To arrive at some comparisons, several methods may be tried. These include: a) counting actual words in connected texts or in lists, using some conventions if needed; b) using computational solutions to arrive at coefficients of certain languages vis a vis others, such as 1 Swahili word being equivalent roughly to 1.3 English words; c) using in multiple languages lists of words of a defined length, e.g. 4 letters; d) measuring phonemes or syllables per minute, possibly dividing by average word length; and e) rapid serial visual presentation, potentially also measuring perception at the letter feature level. Overall, reading rate as words per minute seems to be a valid and reliable indicator of achievement, with 45-60 words being a range that is usable as a benchmark.

Language and Literacy in Bilingual Children
Authors: --- --- --- --- --- et al.
ISBN: 1280828013 9786610828012 9781853595729 1853595721 9781853595721 1853595713 9781853595714 1853595705 9781853595707 6610828016 9781280828010 Year: 2002 Volume: 2 Publisher: Bristol Blue Ridge Summit

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This book sets a high standard for rigor and scientific approach to the study of bilingualism and provides new insights regarding the critical issues of theory and practice, including the interdependence of linguistic knowledge in bilinguals, the role of socioeconomic status, the effect of different language usage patterns in the home, and the role of schooling by single-language immersion as opposed to systematic training in both home and target languages. The rich landscape of outcomes reported in the volume will provide a frame for interpretation and understanding of effects of bilingualism for years to come.


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Short-run learning dynamics under a test-based accountability system : evidence from Pakistan
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Year: 2010 Publisher: Washington, D.C., The World Bank,

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Low student learning is a common finding in much of the developing world. This paper uses a relatively unique dataset of five semiannual rounds of standardized test data to characterize and explain the short-term changes in student learning. The data are collected as part of the quality assurance system for a public-private partnership program that offers public subsidies conditional on minimum learning levels to low-cost private schools in Pakistan. Apart from a large positive distributional shift in learning between the first two test rounds, the learning distributions over test rounds show little progress. Schools are ejected from the program if they fail to achieve a minimum pass rate in the test in two consecutive attempts, making the test high stakes. Sharp regression discontinuity estimates show that the threat of program exit on schools that barely failed the test for the first time induces large learning gains. The large change in learning between the first two test rounds is likely attributable to this accountability pressure given that a large share of new program entrants failed in the first test round. Schools also qualify for substantial annual teacher bonuses if they achieve a minimum score in a composite measure of student test participation and mean test score. Sharp regression discontinuity estimates do not show that the prospect of future teacher bonus rewards induces learning gains for schools that barely did not qualify for the bonus.


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Short-run learning dynamics under a test-based accountability system : evidence from Pakistan
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Year: 2010 Publisher: Washington, D.C., The World Bank,

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Low student learning is a common finding in much of the developing world. This paper uses a relatively unique dataset of five semiannual rounds of standardized test data to characterize and explain the short-term changes in student learning. The data are collected as part of the quality assurance system for a public-private partnership program that offers public subsidies conditional on minimum learning levels to low-cost private schools in Pakistan. Apart from a large positive distributional shift in learning between the first two test rounds, the learning distributions over test rounds show little progress. Schools are ejected from the program if they fail to achieve a minimum pass rate in the test in two consecutive attempts, making the test high stakes. Sharp regression discontinuity estimates show that the threat of program exit on schools that barely failed the test for the first time induces large learning gains. The large change in learning between the first two test rounds is likely attributable to this accountability pressure given that a large share of new program entrants failed in the first test round. Schools also qualify for substantial annual teacher bonuses if they achieve a minimum score in a composite measure of student test participation and mean test score. Sharp regression discontinuity estimates do not show that the prospect of future teacher bonus rewards induces learning gains for schools that barely did not qualify for the bonus.


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Pilot Implementation of Statistical Models for Estimation of the Value-Added of Bulgarian Schools Using National Student Assessment Data
Authors: --- --- ---
Year: 2013 Publisher: Washington, D.C. : The World Bank,

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The objective of this report is to describe the process and summarize the results from the pilot implementation of statistical models for measuring the value-added of Bulgarian schools through analysis of the national student' assessments results. This report presents the technical aspects of the pilot and the key outcomes in terms of value-added measure for each of the schools included in the analysis. The report documents all data processing, adjustments, and procedures run as part of the school value added modeling and in this respect, it is also intended expert statisticians and researchers. The national student assessment results in Bulgaria are reported on a non-transformed raw point scale accompanied by a table that allows a transformation of the raw points to the six-grade rating scale, adopted for measuring students' performance. Based on this, each school receives an average score and some means of comparison with other schools in the country. Analyzing the test results through value-added analysis is a new approach for the country and the findings from this pilot are intended to inform policy makers in Bulgaria about the advantages and limitations of value-added measures (VAMs) in the context of the Bulgarian education system, its student assessment framework, and the data collected and used by the education management information system.


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Human Capital in the 21st Century
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Year: 2014 Publisher: Washington, D.C. : The World Bank,

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Jim Yong Kim, President of the World Bank Group, discusses the Ebola epidemic as continuing as a serious threat, not only in terms of human lives, especially in the three most affected countries - Guinea, Liberia, and Sierra, but to the regional and global economies as well. He then addressed educational reform. To promote inclusive growth, the World Bank Group works to facilitate the diffusion of knowledge and support countries in investing in the productivity and skills of their people. Taking on new challenges, solving problems creatively, and working across different backgrounds and cultures, will be important tasks for the vast majority of human beings in the 21st century. He discussed shortcomings of Korea's educational system.


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Bulgaria : Piloting Statistical Models for Estimation of Schools' Value-Added Using the Results from the National Assessments
Authors: --- --- ---
Year: 2015 Publisher: Washington, D.C. : The World Bank,

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The objective of this report is to document the process and summarize the results from the second phase of the pilot implementation of statistical models for measuring the value-added of Bulgarian schools through analysis of the national student' assessments results. This report presents the technical aspects of the pilot and the key outcomes in terms of value-added measure for each of the schools included in the analysis. It is intended to ensure the institutional memory for the pilots and to stimulate the discussions at technical level among experts and decision makers at the Ministry of Education and Science (MES), focusing on the relevance and applicability of the piloted statistical models, in the context of Bulgaria student assessment framework, and given the available data. The report documents all the data processing, adjustments, and procedures run as part of the school value added modeling.


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High-stakes schooling
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ISBN: 022630955X 9780226309552 9780226309385 9780226309415 022630938X 022630941X Year: 2016 Publisher: Chicago

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If there is one thing that describes the trajectory of American education, it is this: more high-stakes testing. In the United States, the debates surrounding this trajectory can be so fierce that it feels like we are in uncharted waters. As Christopher Bjork reminds us in this study, however, we are not the first to make testing so central to education: Japan has been doing it for decades. Drawing on Japan's experiences with testing, overtesting, and recent reforms to relax educational pressures, he sheds light on the best path forward for US schools. Bjork asks a variety of important questions related to testing and reform: Does testing overburden students? Does it impede innovation and encourage conformity? Can a system anchored by examination be reshaped to nurture creativity and curiosity? How should any reforms be implemented by teachers? Each chapter explores questions like these with careful attention to the actual effects policies have had on schools in Japan and other Asian settings, and each draws direct parallels to issues that US schools currently face. Offering a wake-up call for American education, Bjork ultimately cautions that the accountability-driven practice of standardized testing might very well exacerbate the precise problems it is trying to solve.

The birth of Head Start
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ISBN: 1281966746 9786611966744 0226856739 9780226856735 9780226856711 0226856712 Year: 2005 Publisher: Chicago University of Chicago Press

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One of the most popular and enduring legacies of President Lyndon B. Johnson's Great Society programs, Project Head Start continues to support young children of low-income families-close to one million annually-by providing a range of developmental and educational services. Yet as Head Start reaches its fortieth anniversary, debates over the function and scope of this federal program persist. Although the program's importance is unquestioned across party lines, the direction of its future-whether toward a greater focus on school readiness and literacy or the continuation of a holistic approach-remains a point of contention. Policymakers proposing to reform Head Start often invoke its origins to justify their position, but until now no comprehensive political history of the program has existed. Maris A. Vinovskis here provides an in-depth look at the nation's largest and best known-yet politically challenged-early education program. The Birth of Head Start sets the record straight on the program's intended aims, documenting key decisions made during its formative years. While previous accounts of Head Start have neglected the contributions of important participants such as federal education officials and members of Congress, Vinovskis's history is the first to consider the relationship between politics and policymaking and how this interaction has shaped the program. This thorough and incisive book will be essential for policymakers and legislators interested in prekindergarten education and will inform future discussions on early intervention services for disadvantaged children.

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