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Unprecedented monetary policy accommodation in advanced economies and a large, coordinated fiscal stimulus by G20 countries helped to support a solid rebound in global output right after the 2009 Global Recession. However, global growth subsequently slowed to a sluggish pace by pre-recession standards, and many emerging market and developing economies (EMDEs) have been struggling to unwind their fiscal stimulus and contain a buildup of debt. The experience of the global recession in 2009 highlights the need for well-timed, appropriately calibrated domestic stabilization policies, but also the benefits of international cooperation and coordination in support of strong and sustained global growth and financial system stability. Sound policy frameworks can help create room for stabilization policies, such as fiscal rules to safeguard fiscal sustainability or macroprudential policies and capital flow management measures to better manage systemic risks.

Business Cycles and Stabilization Policies --- Capital Flow Management --- Capital Flows --- Debt --- Economic Policy, Institutions and Governance --- Economic Stabilization --- Emerging Market Economies --- Financial Sector Reform --- Fiscal and Monetary Policy --- Fiscal Stimulus --- Global Recession --- Macroeconomic Management --- Macroeconomic Policy --- Macroeconomics and Economic Growth --- Macroprudential Policy --- Monetary Policy --- Public Sector Development --- Stabilization Policy

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The author applies a systems-oriented "holistic" approach to China's radical economic reforms during the past quarter of a century. He characterizes China's economic reforms in terms of a multidimensional classification of economic systems. When looking at the economic consequences of China's change of economic system, he deals with both the impressive growth performance and its economic costs. The author also studies the consequences of the economic reforms for the previous social arrangements in the country, which were tied to individual work units-agriculture communes, collective firms, and state-owned enterprises. He continues with the social development during the reform period, reflecting a complex mix of social advances, mainly in terms of poverty reduction, and regresses for large population groups in terms of income security and human services, such as education and, in particular, health care. Next, the author discusses China's future policy options in the social field, whereby he draws heavily on relevant experiences in industrial countries over the years. The future options are classified into three broad categories: policies influencing the level and distribution of factor income, income transfers including social insurance, and the provision of human services.

Agriculture --- Banks and Banking Reform --- Capital --- Cred Development --- Debt Markets --- Economic Performance --- Economic Reforms --- Economic Systems --- Economic Theory and Research --- Emerging Markets --- Finance and Financial Sector Development --- Financial Literacy --- GDP --- Growth Rate --- Health, Nutrition and Population --- Income --- Industrial Economics --- Influence --- Interest --- International Trade --- Investment and Investment Climate --- Labor Policies --- Macroeconomic Stabilization --- Macroeconomic Stabilization Policy --- Macroeconomics and Economic Growth --- Microfinance --- Mixed Economy --- Outcomes --- Ownership --- Population Policies --- Poverty Reduction --- Private Sector Development --- Pro-Poor Growth --- Production --- Social Protections and Labor

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India has pursued an active food security policy for many years, using a combination of trade policy interventions, public distribution of food staples, and assistance to farmers through minimum support prices defended by public stocks. This policy has been quite successful in stabilizing staple food prices, but at a high cost, and with potential risks of unmanageable stock accumulation. Based on a rational expectations storage model representing the Indian wheat market and its relation to the rest of the world, this paper analyzes the cost and welfare implications of this policy and unpacks the contribution of its different elements. To analyze alternative policies, social welfare is assumed to include an objective of price stabilization and optimal policies corresponding to this objective are assessed. Considering fully optimal policies under commitment as well as optimal simple rules, it is shown that adopting simple rules can achieve most of the gains from fully optimal policies, with both potentially allowing for lower stockholding levels and costs.

Accelerator --- Access to Markets --- Aggregate Demand --- Agriculture --- Arbitrage --- Barriers --- Benchmark --- Bidding --- Border Price --- Cash Flow --- Choice --- Closed Economy --- Commodity --- Commodity Price --- Communication --- Consumer Price --- Consumer Price Index --- Consumers --- Consumption --- Costs --- Criteria --- Debt Markets --- Demand --- Demand Elasticity --- Demand Function --- Development Economics --- Development Policy --- Distribution --- Domestic Market --- Domestic Price --- Econometrics --- Economic Theory --- Economic Theory & Research --- Economics Research --- Elasticity --- Emerging Markets --- Equations --- Equilibrium --- Equilibrium Values --- Exchange --- Exchange Rate --- Expectations --- Exports --- Failures --- Fair --- Finance and Financial Sector Development --- Floor Price --- Food Price --- Fraud --- Free Trade --- Incentives --- Income --- Incomplete Markets --- Influence --- Inputs --- Interest --- Interest Rate --- International Economics & Trade --- International Trade --- Lags --- Laissez Faire --- Laissez-Faire --- Macroeconomics and Economic Growth --- Marginal Cost --- Marginal Utility --- Market --- Market Conditions --- Market Economy --- Market Equilibrium --- Market Failures --- Market Power --- Market Price --- Marketing --- Markets --- Markets & Market Access --- Middle-Income Country --- Multipliers --- Open Economy --- Opportunity Cost --- Optimization --- Outcomes --- Output --- Price --- Price Behavior --- Price Change --- Price Elasticity --- Price Index --- Price Instability --- Price Levels --- Price Movements --- Price Policy --- Price Risk --- Price Stability --- Price Stabilization --- Price Uncertainty --- Price Volatility --- Prices --- Private Entity --- Private Sector Development --- Producer Price --- Product --- Production --- Profit Maximization --- Public Policy --- Purchasing --- Rapid Expansion --- Real Income --- Risk Aversion --- Risk Neutral --- Risk-Averse --- Risk-Neutral --- Sales --- Savings --- Security --- Share --- Stabilization Policy --- Stock --- Storage --- Subsidy --- Substitution --- Supply --- Supply Elasticity --- Surplus --- Taxes --- Theory --- Time Value of Money --- Trade --- Trade Barriers --- Trade Policies --- Trade Policy --- Trends --- Utility --- Value --- Value of Money --- Variables --- Volatility --- Welfare --- World Market --- World Trade

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The acute economic pressures of the 1980s have forced virtually all of Latin America and Africa and some countries in Asia into painful austerity programs and difficult economic reforms. Scholars have intensively analyzed the economics of this situation, but they have given much less attention to the political forces involved. In this volume a number of eminent contributors analyze the politics of adjustment in thirteen countries and nineteen governments, drawing comparisons not only across the full set of cases but also within clusters selected to clarify specific issues. Why do some governments respond promptly to signs of economic trouble, while others muddle indecisively for years? Why do some confine their response to temporary macroeconomic measures, while others adopt broader, even sweeping, programs of reform? What leads some countries to experiment with heterodox approaches, while most, however reluctantly, pursue orthodox courses? Why, confronted with intense political protest, have some governments persisted while others have altered or abandoned course? The answers to these questions are political, not economic, and they are examined here by Thomas M. Callaghy, Stephan Haggard, Miles Kahler, Robert R. Kauman, Joan M. Nelson, and Barbara Stallings.

Business cycles --- Economic indicators --- Economic stabilization --- Developing countries. --- Developing countries Economic conditions Policies Of Government. --- Developing countries --- Economic policy --- Agriculture. --- Arrears. --- Auction. --- Austerity. --- Authoritarianism. --- Balance of trade. --- Budget. --- Business sector. --- Capital flight. --- Capitalism. --- Central bank. --- Centre-right politics. --- Commercial bank. --- Corruption. --- Costa Rica. --- Creditor. --- Cronyism. --- Currency. --- Current account. --- Debt crisis. --- Debt relief. --- Debt service. --- Debt. --- Democracy. --- Democratization. --- Devaluation. --- Developed country. --- Developing country. --- Economic growth. --- Economic interventionism. --- Economic liberalization. --- Economic policy. --- Economic problem. --- Economic recovery. --- Economics. --- Economist. --- Economy. --- Employment. --- Exchange rate. --- External debt. --- Financial crisis. --- Fiscal policy. --- Foreign direct investment. --- Free trade. --- Government budget balance. --- Implementation. --- Import Substitution Industrialization. --- Income. --- Industrialisation. --- Inflation. --- Informal sector. --- Institution. --- Interest rate. --- International Monetary Fund. --- Investor. --- Labour movement. --- Latin America. --- Layoff. --- Legislature. --- Liberalization. --- Macroeconomics. --- Market (economics). --- Monetary policy. --- Nationalization. --- Obstacle. --- Paris Club. --- Payment. --- Percentage. --- Policy. --- Political alliance. --- Political economy. --- Political science. --- Politician. --- Politics. --- Price controls. --- Private sector. --- Privatization. --- Public expenditure. --- Public sector. --- Recession. --- Resignation. --- Salary. --- Secondary sector of the economy. --- Shortage. --- Stabilization policy. --- State (polity). --- State-owned enterprise. --- Structural adjustment loan. --- Structural adjustment. --- Subsidy. --- Tariff. --- Tax reform. --- Tax. --- Trade credit. --- Trade union. --- Unemployment. --- Wage. --- World Bank Group. --- World Bank. --- Zambia.

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With the collapse of the Bretton Woods system, any pretense of a connection of the world's currencies to any real commodity has been abandoned. Yet since the 1980s, most central banks have abandoned money-growth targets as practical guidelines for monetary policy as well. How then can pure "fiat" currencies be managed so as to create confidence in the stability of national units of account?Interest and Prices seeks to provide theoretical foundations for a rule-based approach to monetary policy suitable for a world of instant communications and ever more efficient financial markets. In such a w

Finances internationales --- Inflation --- Intérêt (économie politique) --- Politique monétaire --- Monetary policy --- International finance --- Modèles économétriques --- Econometric models --- Capital assets pricing model --- Spéculation --- Modèle de fixation du prix des actifs --- Politique monetaire. --- Politique economique. --- Interet (Economie) --- Prix. --- 333.842 --- -Prices --- 332.46 --- Commodity prices --- Justum pretium --- Willingness to pay --- Prijsvorming. Prijskostenverhouding. Prijsbeweging. Prijsfluctuatie--macroeconomisch; prijsindex zie {336.748.12} --- Geld. Monetaire politiek --- Deflatie. --- Intérêt (Économie) --- Politique économique. --- Politique monétaire. --- Intérêt (Économie). --- 338.5 Prijsvorming. Prijskostenverhouding. Prijsbeweging. Prijsfluctuatie--macroeconomisch; prijsindex zie {336.748.12} --- Spéculation --- Modèle de fixation du prix des actifs --- Analyse financière --- 330.101 --- 336.74 --- 306.110 --- 330.00 --- 333.403 --- 333.44 --- 333.820 --- 333.841 --- AA / International- internationaal --- 338.5 --- Monetary management --- Economic policy --- Currency boards --- Money supply --- 336.74 Geld. Geldwezen. Monetaire sector. --- Geld. Geldwezen. Monetaire sector. --- Macro-economie --- Algemeenheden over indexcijfers --- Economische en sociale theorieën: algemeenheden --- Monetaire theorieën. Kwantitatieve theorie. Theorie van de incasso's. Optiek van de uitgaven en inkomens --- Monetaire congressen, conferenties en onderzoeken --- Geldbeleid, bankbeleid en kredietbeleid: algemeenheden --- Inflatie --- Deflatie --- Geld. Geldwezen. Monetaire sector --- Macroeconomics --- Money. Monetary policy --- Monetary policy. --- Securities --- Speculation --- Investment analysis --- Capital investments. --- Politique monétaire --- Valeurs mobilières --- Investissements de capitaux --- Prices --- Mathematical models --- Prix --- Modèles mathématiques --- Finances internationales. --- Modèles économétriques. --- Politique monétaire. --- Politique économique. --- Intérêt (Économie) --- Account (accountancy). --- Addition. --- Aggregate demand. --- Aggregate expenditure. --- Aggregate supply. --- Approximation. --- Autocorrelation. --- Budget constraint. --- Calculation. --- Central bank. --- Characteristic polynomial. --- Coefficient. --- Conditional expectation. --- Consumption (economics). --- Cost curve. --- Currency. --- Deflation. --- Demand curve. --- Determinacy. --- Determinant. --- Economic equilibrium. --- Economics. --- Economy. --- Eigenvalues and eigenvectors. --- Elasticity of substitution. --- Estimation. --- Expected value. --- Expenditure. --- Factor market. --- Federal funds rate. --- Fiscal policy. --- Forecasting. --- GDP deflator. --- IS–LM model. --- Impulse response. --- Income. --- Indexation. --- Inflation targeting. --- Inflation. --- Initial condition. --- Interest rate. --- Interest. --- Intertemporal budget constraint. --- Investment. --- Lagrange multiplier. --- Long run and short run. --- Loss function. --- Marginal cost. --- Marginal rate of substitution. --- Marginal utility. --- Market liquidity. --- Market power. --- Market rate. --- Markup (business). --- Mathematical optimization. --- Monetary base. --- Monetary transmission mechanism. --- Money supply. --- New Keynesian economics. --- Nominal interest rate. --- Nominal rigidity. --- Optimization problem. --- Output gap. --- Partial derivative. --- Percentage point. --- Percentage. --- Phillips curve. --- Potential output. --- Prediction. --- Present value. --- Price Change. --- Price index. --- Price level. --- Pricing. --- Private sector. --- Probability. --- Production function. --- Quantity. --- Real Rate Of Return. --- Real gross domestic product. --- Real income. --- Real interest rate. --- Real versus nominal value (economics). --- Real wages. --- Relative price. --- Requirement. --- Stabilization policy. --- State of the World (book series). --- Stochastic discount factor. --- Stochastic process. --- Stock. --- Structural equation modeling. --- Supply (economics). --- Tax rate. --- Tax. --- Taylor rule. --- Time preference. --- Trade-off. --- Utility. --- Intérêt (économie politique) --- Modèles économétriques.