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Comprehensive analysis of the development of the Russian an Czech state administration.

Civil service reform --- Merit system --- Spoils system --- Patronage, Political --- Theses

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Civil service reform --- Civil service --- Government executives --- History. --- Personnel management. --- Merit system --- Spoils system --- Patronage, Political

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Finland’s traditional Nordic model is under pressure: A rapidly ageing society, the global economic crisis and growing societal disillusionment require the public administration to be strategically agile in order to maintain fiscal sustainability and to respond to a complex and rapidly changing environment.  The government’s capacity to act in these difficult times will depend on the public administration’s ability to work together – across all of the public administration at the state and local level, and with society as a whole –  in order to sustain success and maintain its global position in the future.    This report is the second in a series of OECD country reviews that look at governance and public management issues from a comprehensive perspective.  These reviews help countries to identify how reforms can better reinforce each other in support of overall government objectives.  They also examine reform strategies that have worked in other countries and provide advice as to which reforms can be appropriately adapted to a given country.

Civil service -- Finland. --- Public administration -- Finland. --- Public administration --- Civil service reform --- Merit system --- Spoils system --- Patronage, Political --- Finland

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Civil service reform --- S06/0220 --- Merit system --- Spoils system --- Patronage, Political --- China: Politics and government--People's Republic: general

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This text provides a theoretical and empirical examination of constituency service in developing countries. The predominant view of distributive politics in 'patronage democracies' emphasizes the partisan targeting of pork and clientelism. In contrast, this work demonstrates that high-level legislators in India and other contexts often provide direct, nonpartisan assistance to individual constituents. Under what conditions do they provide constituency service, rather than engage in partisan bias? The text shows that the uneven character of access to services at the local level - often because of biased allocation on the part of local intermediaries - generates demand for help from higher-level officials, and also creates incentives for those politicians to bypass intermediaries by providing direct assistance.

Democracy --- Patronage, Political --- India --- Politics and government. --- Political patronage --- Spoils system --- Civil service reform --- Clientelism, Political --- Patron-client politics --- Political clientelism --- Political sociology