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Spinel group

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Spinel group. --- Spinelite --- Spinell --- Spinellids --- Spinels --- Oxide minerals

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Due to its high operating voltage the so-called high voltage spinel (LiNi0,5Mn1,5O4) is a promising cathode material. In this work the kinetics of the capacity loss during cycling and its change due to different coatings are analyzed. In a second part the electrochemical behavior for the insertion of a second lithium per formula unit is discussed for different doped spinel materials.

Degradation --- Hochvoltspinell --- Tiefentladunglithium ion battery --- Lithiumionenbatterie --- degradation --- high voltage spinel --- deep discharge

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Armor. --- Infrared equipment. --- Transparent ceramics. --- Refractory materials. --- Ballistics. --- Spinel. --- Magnesium compounds. --- Nondestructive testing. --- Mechanics. --- Porosity. --- Ultrasonics. --- United States.

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Ruby, red corundum, is a gem mineral with mineral properties, gem characteristics and chemistry that are reliant on critical trace element substitutions in its aluminum oxide crystal structure. Ruby has attracted scientific and economic interest. It has already been studied extensively regarding its widespread global distribution and the diversity of its geological associations, as revealed by exploration and exploitation. Researchers are becoming increasingly aware that geographic typing of ruby characteristics and its host assemblages may guide further exploration and provide checks on reputed sources of both rough and cut stones. Genetic pointers, based on fluid and solid mineral inclusions, oxygen and other isotope values and pressure and temperature estimates, have already yielded much genetic information. Rare ruby in mantle xenoliths, TP ~1100o C, 2GPa, epitaxial diamond in ruby and ruby in diamond have special interest. Amid the present extensive documentation on this singular gem mineral, new insights and co-existing associations remain to be discovered. Although ruby largely appears in metamorphic and metasomatic source rocks, newer studies suggest it may also arise from magmatic sources. Age-dating of a range of mineral inclusions in ruby now allows more precise modelling of ruby genesis. Tectonic aspects of ruby genesis related to early collisional plate events on Earth are also a frontier for further understanding. In addition, ruby growth remains an important phase in metamorphic studies of events in some young collisional zones. This Special Issue planned for Minerals aims to attract further studies on this multi-origin gem mineral. Investigations at the ‘economic border’ of ruby and sapphire nomenclature and relevant treatments affecting ruby color will be considered.

Research & information: general --- Earth sciences, geography, environment, planning --- gems --- ruby --- marble --- eskolaite --- Southern Urals --- spinel --- Mogok --- geochronology --- U-Pb dating --- zircon --- zirconolite --- geographic origin determination --- sapphire --- trace elements --- radiogenic isotopes --- linear discriminant analysis --- corundum --- gemology --- geology of gem deposits --- mineralogical association --- geochemistry --- Snezhnoe deposit --- Tajikistan --- Central Pamir --- Muzkol-Rangkul anticlinorium --- in situ U-Pb LA-ICP-MS rutile dating --- oxygen isotopes --- Rb-Sr and Sm-Nd isotopes --- sulfides --- Montepuez --- ruby deposits --- classification --- typology --- magmatism --- metamorphism --- sedimentary --- metasomatism --- fluids --- stable and radiogenic isotopes --- genetic models --- exploration --- gems --- ruby --- marble --- eskolaite --- Southern Urals --- spinel --- Mogok --- geochronology --- U-Pb dating --- zircon --- zirconolite --- geographic origin determination --- sapphire --- trace elements --- radiogenic isotopes --- linear discriminant analysis --- corundum --- gemology --- geology of gem deposits --- mineralogical association --- geochemistry --- Snezhnoe deposit --- Tajikistan --- Central Pamir --- Muzkol-Rangkul anticlinorium --- in situ U-Pb LA-ICP-MS rutile dating --- oxygen isotopes --- Rb-Sr and Sm-Nd isotopes --- sulfides --- Montepuez --- ruby deposits --- classification --- typology --- magmatism --- metamorphism --- sedimentary --- metasomatism --- fluids --- stable and radiogenic isotopes --- genetic models --- exploration