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La vélocité du changement climatique est une métrique simple se calculant comme le ratio entre une variation climatique temporelle (C°/an) et une variation de température par unité de distance (C°/km). Elle exprime la vitesse à laquelle les espèces devraient migrer pour pouvoir rester sous des conditions climatiques qui leur sont favorables. Le présent travail a pour objectif d’évaluer les changements de distribution passés et futurs de l’habitat favorable des espèces de plantes vasculaires alpines ainsi que leurs risques d’extinction. Pour cela, des modèles de distribution des espèces (SDMs) ont été utilisés pour a) évaluer où la flore alpine était distribuée au dernier maximum glaciaire (LGM) et ainsi déterminer à quelle vitesse les espèces ont migré lors des changements climatiques du Quaternaire ; b) évaluer leurs risques d’extinction dans le contexte du réchauffement climatique actuel, en : (i) comparant la vitesse de migration inférée en a) avec la vélocité du changement climatique actuel dans les aires considérées et (ii) mesurant la discordance entre les aires de répartition actuelles et les aires futures ; c) identifier de potentielles zones refuges. Les principaux résultats montrent que les espèces alpines se trouvaient probablement à de plus basses altitudes au LGM qu’aujourd’hui. La projection de la niche climatique des espèces sur des couches climatiques à l’époque du LGM indique la présence d’aires qui leur étaient favorables principalement à l’extérieur des Alpes (dans les Apennins, dans les Alpes dinariques et en régions Bohême) mais aussi au sein des Alpes pour certaines d’entre elles, malgré la présence d’une couverture de glace. Les résultats ont également démontré que la vélocité du changement climatique actuel en montagne est 20 fois plus rapide que la vitesse moyenne de migration post-glaciaire des espèces alpines et que, sous un scénario de réchauffement climatique de plus de 2,6°C (par rapport à l’ère préindustrielle), les vitesses de migration requises pour pouvoir rester sous des conditions climatiques favorables surpassent les capacités dispersives de la flore alpine. Ces constats soulèvent des doutes sur leur capacité à faire face au changement climatique actuel. De plus, la moitié (51,7 ± 34,1 %) de l’aire de distribution de la flore alpine risque de disparaître d’ici 2100, ce qui met les espèces alpines directement en danger d’extinction. Néanmoins, les résultats montrent également que, même sous le scénario climatique testé le plus sévère, des aires restreintes restent ou deviennent favorables dans les Alpes pour la plupart des espèces étudiées ici. Ces aires font et feront office de refuges climatiques pour celles-ci. Il est donc primordial de prioriser ces zones dans les programmes de conservation de la biodiversité.

Flore alpine --- Changement de distribution des espèces --- SDM --- changement climatique --- Alpine flora --- Species distribution model --- climate change --- Sciences du vivant > Sciences de l'environnement & écologie

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This book is a collection of the articles published the Special Issue of ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information on “Citizen Science and Geospatial Capacity Building”. The articles cover a wide range of topics regarding the applications of citizen science from a geospatial technology perspective. Several applications show the importance of Citizen Science (CitSci) and volunteered geographic information (VGI) in various stages of geodata collection, processing, analysis and visualization; and for demonstrating the capabilities, which are covered in the book. Particular emphasis is given to various problems encountered in the CitSci and VGI projects with a geospatial aspect, such as platform, tool and interface design, ontology development, spatial analysis and data quality assessment. The book also points out the needs and future research directions in these subjects, such as; (a) data quality issues especially in the light of big data; (b) ontology studies for geospatial data suited for diverse user backgrounds, data integration, and sharing; (c) development of machine learning and artificial intelligence based online tools for pattern recognition and object identification using existing repositories of CitSci and VGI projects; and (d) open science and open data practices for increasing the efficiency, decreasing the redundancy, and acknowledgement of all stakeholders.

Research & information: general --- participatory toponyms --- knowledge sharing --- public participation --- citizen science --- geospatial capacity building --- volunteered geographic information --- social media --- spatiotemporal bias --- CitSci --- earthquake --- intensity mapping --- disaster mitigation --- spatial kriging --- volunteered geographic information (VGI) --- data contribution activities --- spatial and temporal patterns --- biases --- eBird --- community-based geoportal --- crowdsourced earth observation product --- remote sensing --- spatial data infrastructure (SDI) --- crowdsourced data quality --- GeoWeb --- outdoor air pollution --- symptom mapping --- data quality --- web application --- water quality --- community-based monitoring --- machine learning --- Indian monsoon --- Jacobin cuckoo --- Maxent --- species distribution model --- habitat suitability --- range expansion --- WorldClim --- CMIP --- crowdsourcing --- participatory GIS

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Plant Adaptation to Global Climate Change discusses the issues of the impact of climate change factors (abiotic and biotic) on vegetation. This book also deals with simulation modeling approaches to understanding the long-term effects of different environmental factors on vegetation. This book is a valuable resource for the environmental science research community, including those interested in assessing climate change impacts on vegetation and researchers working on simulation modeling.

Research & information: general --- climate change impacts --- sugarcane --- yield --- harvested area --- production --- Thai agriculture --- rice --- heat stress --- whole genome DNA microarray --- yield loss --- MapMan analysis --- HRDE --- anthesis and maturity date --- crop yield --- SimCLIM --- DSSAT model --- planting date --- basal area increment --- air temperature --- precipitation --- Taylor’s power law --- tree ring analysis --- climate change --- farm work --- WBGT --- mitigation --- East Africa --- leaf temperature --- infrared thermography --- thermal imagery --- tropical rain forest --- isoprenoid exchanges --- ground --- litter emissions --- soil --- Pinus pinea --- distance gradient --- Mediterranean turf --- agro-ecosystems --- biodiversity --- weed communities --- Ethiopia highlands --- seasonal climate --- crop impacts --- bananas --- Black Sigatoka Leaf Disease --- climate --- global spread &amp --- impact --- habitat suitability --- species distribution --- conservation --- P. africana --- actual evapotranspiration --- modified Penman–Monteith --- sap flow --- scaling methods --- allometric correlations --- sapwood depth --- sapwood area --- leaf area index --- species distribution model --- scenarios --- GIS --- ecological niche --- grapevine --- n/a --- Taylor's power law --- modified Penman-Monteith

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Plant Adaptation to Global Climate Change discusses the issues of the impact of climate change factors (abiotic and biotic) on vegetation. This book also deals with simulation modeling approaches to understanding the long-term effects of different environmental factors on vegetation. This book is a valuable resource for the environmental science research community, including those interested in assessing climate change impacts on vegetation and researchers working on simulation modeling.

climate change impacts --- sugarcane --- yield --- harvested area --- production --- Thai agriculture --- rice --- heat stress --- whole genome DNA microarray --- yield loss --- MapMan analysis --- HRDE --- anthesis and maturity date --- crop yield --- SimCLIM --- DSSAT model --- planting date --- basal area increment --- air temperature --- precipitation --- Taylor’s power law --- tree ring analysis --- climate change --- farm work --- WBGT --- mitigation --- East Africa --- leaf temperature --- infrared thermography --- thermal imagery --- tropical rain forest --- isoprenoid exchanges --- ground --- litter emissions --- soil --- Pinus pinea --- distance gradient --- Mediterranean turf --- agro-ecosystems --- biodiversity --- weed communities --- Ethiopia highlands --- seasonal climate --- crop impacts --- bananas --- Black Sigatoka Leaf Disease --- climate --- global spread &amp --- impact --- habitat suitability --- species distribution --- conservation --- P. africana --- actual evapotranspiration --- modified Penman–Monteith --- sap flow --- scaling methods --- allometric correlations --- sapwood depth --- sapwood area --- leaf area index --- species distribution model --- scenarios --- GIS --- ecological niche --- grapevine --- n/a --- Taylor's power law --- modified Penman-Monteith