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Space perception in children --- Child development --- Perception spatiale chez l'enfant --- Enfants --- Développement --- Child Development. --- Child. --- Infant. --- Space Perception. --- Perception in children --- Child study --- Children --- Development, Child --- Developmental biology --- Developmental psychobiology --- Child rearing --- Perception, Space --- Perceptions, Space --- Space Perceptions --- Spatial Learning --- Infants --- Minors --- Infant Development --- Development, Infant --- Psychology, Child --- Growth --- Development --- Développement --- Child --- Child Development --- Infant --- Space Perception --- Child development.

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Spatial learning and memory involves the ability to encode geometric relationships between perceived cues and depends critically on the hippocampus. Visually guided spatial learning has been demonstrated in adult animals. As infant animals rely heavily on olfaction, olfactory based spatial learning was assessed in infant mice. When 12-day-old pups were displaced from their nest, they learned within a few training trials to use the spatial pattern of odor cues to move back to the nest. However, mouse pups that over-expressed Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase (CaMKII) in hippocampal neurons were impaired in olfactory based spatial learning. NeuroReport 11:1051-1055 (C) 2000 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins

Ability. --- Adult. --- Animal. --- Animals. --- Autophosphorylation. --- Camkii. --- Cues. --- Dependence. --- Hippocampal-neurons. --- Hippocampal. --- Hippocampus. --- Homing pigeons. --- Infant. --- Learning. --- Ltp. --- Mammals. --- Memory. --- Mice. --- Mouse pup. --- Mouse. --- Navigation. --- Neonatal. --- Nest. --- Neurons. --- Odor. --- Olfaction. --- Olfactory. --- Ontogeny. --- Pattern. --- Protein kinase-ii. --- Protein. --- Pups. --- Rats. --- Spatial learning. --- Spatial. --- Threonine-286. --- Training.

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Cognitive psychology --- Child Development. --- Cognition. --- Space Perception. --- Perception, Space --- Perceptions, Space --- Space Perceptions --- Spatial Learning --- Cognitive Function --- Cognitions --- Cognitive Functions --- Function, Cognitive --- Functions, Cognitive --- Infant Development --- Development, Child --- Development, Infant --- Psychology, Child --- Growth --- Space perception --- Space perception in children --- Neuropsychology --- Physiological aspects --- Congresses --- Child Development --- Cognition --- Space Perception --- Spatial perception --- Perception --- Spatial behavior --- Figure-ground perception --- Geographical perception --- Perception in children --- Physiological aspects&delete& --- Space perception - Physiological aspects - Congresses --- Space perception in children - Congresses --- Neuropsychology - Congresses

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Maternal care in the rat influences the development of cognitive function in the offspring through neural systems known to mediate activity-dependent synaptic plasticity. The offspring of mothers that exhibit increased levels of pup licking/grooming (high-LG mothers) show increased hippocampal N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) subunit mRNA expression, enhanced synaptogenesis and improved hippocampal-dependent spatial learning in comparison with animals reared by low-LG mothers. The effects of reduced maternal care on cognitive function are reversed with peripubertal environmental enrichment; however, the neural mechanisms mediating this effect are not known. In these studies we exposed the offspring of high- and low-LG mothers to environmental enrichment from days 22 to 70 of life, and measured the expression of genes encoding for glutamate receptor subunits and synaptophysin expression as a measure of synaptic density. Environmental enrichment reversed the effects of maternal care on synaptic density and this effect was, in turn, associated with a reversal of the effect of maternal care on the NR2A and NR2B subunits of the NMDA receptor, as well as effects on (RS)-alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid (AMPA) receptor subunits. Finally, direct infusion of an NR2B-specific NMIDA receptor antagonist into the hippocampus eliminated the effects of maternal care on spatial learning/memory in the Morris water maze. These findings suggest that: (1) the effects of maternal care are mediated by changes in NR2B gene expression; and (2) that environmental enrichment reverses the effects of reduced maternal care through the same genomic target, the NR2B gene, and possibly effects on other subunits of the NMIDA and AMPA receptors

Aged rats. --- Ampa receptors. --- Animal. --- Animals. --- Care. --- Cognitive function. --- Density. --- Dentate gyrus. --- Development. --- Enrichment. --- Environmental enrichment. --- Expression. --- Function. --- Gene-expression. --- Gene. --- Genes. --- Glutamate receptors. --- Glutamate. --- Hippocampal. --- Hippocampus. --- Immediate-early gene. --- Learning. --- Level. --- Life. --- Long-term potentiation. --- Maternal care. --- Maternal-care. --- Maternal. --- Mechanisms. --- Memory consolidation. --- Messenger-rna. --- Morris water maze. --- Mother. --- Mothers. --- Neural systems. --- Nmda receptor. --- Plasticity. --- Rat hippocampus. --- Rat. --- Receptor antagonist. --- Receptor. --- Receptors. --- Spatial learning. --- Spatial memory. --- Spatial. --- Synaptic plasticity. --- System. --- Systems. --- Time. --- Water maze.

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Space Perception. --- Time Perception. --- Space and time --- Time perception --- Space and time. --- Time perception. --- Hulpwetenschappen --- antropologie en cultuur. --- Chronometry, Mental --- Duration, Intuition of --- Intuition of duration --- Mental chronometry --- Time --- Time, Cognition of --- Time estimation --- Orientation (Psychology) --- Perception --- Space of more than three dimensions --- Space-time --- Space-time continuum --- Space-times --- Spacetime --- Time and space --- Fourth dimension --- Infinite --- Metaphysics --- Philosophy --- Space sciences --- Beginning --- Hyperspace --- Relativity (Physics) --- Perception, Time --- Perceptions, Time --- Time Perceptions --- Perception, Space --- Perceptions, Space --- Space Perceptions --- Spatial Learning --- Theory of relativity. Unified field theory --- Philosophy of science --- Antropologie en cultuur. --- Time Perception --- Space Perception --- Visual Perception --- Mental Processes --- Psychological Phenomena and Processes --- Psychiatry and Psychology --- Psychological Phenomena --- Psychiatry