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The negros congos of Panama's Caribbean coast are a unique cultural manifestation of Afro-Hispanic contact. During Carnival season each year, this group reenacts dramatic events which affected black slaves in colonial Panama, performs dances and pantomimes, and enforces a set of ritual laws' and punishments'. A key component of congo games is a special dialect, the hablar en congos, which is employed by a subset of the congos in each settlement. The present study investigates the congo dialect from a linguistic point of view along two dimensions.

Creole dialects, Spanish --- Spanish Creole languages

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Bilingual speakers are normally aware of what language they are speaking or hearing; there is, however, no widely accepted consensus on the degree of lexical and morphosyntactic similarity that defines the psycholinguistic threshold of distinct languages. This book focuses on the Afro-Colombian creole language Palenquero, spoken in bilingual contact with its historical lexifier, Spanish. Although sharing largely cognate lexicons, the languages are in general not mutually intelligible. For example, Palenquero exhibits no adjective-noun or verb-subject agreement, uses pre-verbal tense-mood-aspect particles, and exhibits unbounded clause-final negation. The present study represents a first attempt at mapping the psycholinguistic boundaries between Spanish and Palenquero from the speakers’ own perspective, including traditional native Palenquero speakers, adult heritage speakers, and young native Spanish speakers who are acquiring Palenquero as a second language. The latter group also provides insights into the possible cognitive cost of “de-activating” Spanish morphological agreement as well as the relative efficiency of pre-verbal vs. clause-final negation. In this study, corpus-based analyses are combined with an array of interactive experimental techniques, demonstrating that externally-imposed classifications do not always correspond to speakers’ own partitioning of language usage in their communities.

Creole dialects, Spanish --- Spanish Creole languages --- E-books --- Blacks --- Creole dialects, Spanish. --- Spanish language --- Languages --- Languages. --- Dialects --- Dialects. --- Colombia

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Exploring creole studies from a linguistic, historical, and socio-cultural perspective, this study advances our knowledge of the subject by using a cohesive approach to provide new theoretical insights into language shift, language acquisition and language change. It compares the legal system regulating black slavery in Chocó, Colombia with the systems implemented by other European colonial powers in the Americas, to address questions such as what do Chocó Spanish linguistic features say about the nature of Afro-Hispanic vernaculars? What were the sociohistorical conditions in which Chocó Spanish formed? Was slavery in Chocó much different from slavery in other European colonies? Whilst primarily focused on Afro-Hispanic language varieties, Sessarego's findings and methodology can be easily applied and tested to other contact languages and settings, and used to address current debates on the origin of other black communities in the Americas and the languages they speak.

Choco languages. --- Creole dialects, Spanish --- Languages in contact --- Spanish Creole languages --- Areal linguistics --- Choco language --- Cholo languages --- Chibchan languages --- Choco languages

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Lexicology. Semantics --- Creolan languages --- Spanish language --- Portuguese language --- Dialectology --- 806.0-087 --- Creole dialects, Portuguese --- Creole dialects, Spanish --- Portuguese Language --- -Spanish language --- -Castilian language --- Romance languages --- Spanish Creole languages --- Portuguese Creole languages --- Spaans: dialecten --- Foreign elements --- -Creole --- Creole --- -Spaans: dialecten --- 806.0-087 Spaans: dialecten --- -Spanish Creole languages --- Castilian language --- Langues créoles espagnoles --- Langues créoles portugaises --- Langues créoles

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The Afro-Hispanic Languages of the Americas (AHLAs) present a number of grammatical similarities that have traditionally been ascribed to a previous creole stage. Approaching creole studies from contrasting standpoints, this groundbreaking book provides a new account of these phenomena. How did these features come about? What linguistic mechanisms can account for their parallel existence in several contact varieties? How can we formalize such mechanisms within a comprehensive theoretical framework? How can these new datasets help us test and refine current formal theories, which have primarily been based on standardized language data? In addressing these important questions, this book not only casts new light on the nature of the AHLAs, it also provides new theoretical and methodological perspectives for a more integrated approach to the study of contact-driven restructuring across language interfaces and linguistic domains.

Creole dialects, Spanish --- Languages in contact --- African languages --- Spanish language --- Spanish Creole languages --- Castilian language --- Romance languages --- Areal linguistics --- Influence on Spanish --- Foreign elements&delete& --- African --- Foreign elements --- African. --- Influence on Spanish. --- Llengües criolles --- Llengües en contacte