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Extraterrestrial radiation --- Research --- NASA Space Radiation Laboratory.

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High-energy charged particles represent a cutting-edge technique in radiation oncology. Protons and carbon ions are used in several centers all over the world for the treatment of different solid tumors. Typical indications are ocular malignancies, tumors of the base of the skull, hepatocellular carcinomas and various sarcomas. The physical characteristics of the charged particles (Bragg peak) allow sparing of much more normal tissues than it is possible using conventional X-rays, and for this reason all pediatric tumors are considered eligible for protontherapy. Ions heavier than protons also display special radiobiological characteristics, which make them effective against radioresistant and hypoxic tumors. On the other hand, protons and ions with high charge (Z) and energy (HZE particles) represent a major risk for human space exploration. The main late effect of radiation exposure is cancer induction, and at the moment the dose limits for astronauts are based on cancer mortality risk. The Mars Science Laboratory (MSL) measured the dose on the route to Mars and on the planet’s surface, suggesting that a human exploration missions will exceed the radiation risk limits. Notwithstanding many studies on carcinogenesis induced by protons and heavy ions, the risk uncertainty remains very high. In this research topic we aim at gathering the experiences and opinions of scientists dealing with high-energy charged particles either for cancer treatment or for space radiation protection. Clinical results with protons and heavy ions, as well as research in medical physics and pre-clinical radiobiology are reported. In addition, ground-based and spaceflight studies on the effects of space radiation are included in this book. Particularly relevant for space studies are the clinical results on normal tissue complications and second cancers. The eBook nicely demonstrates that particle therapy in oncology and protection of astronauts from space radiation share many common topics, and can learn from each other.

carbon ions --- heavy ions --- Mars --- proton therapy --- radiotherapy --- particle radiobiology --- protons --- space radiation protection --- Charged particles --- space travel

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The non-Gaussianity in the primordial density fluctuations is a key feature to clarify the early Universe and it has been probed with the Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB) bispectrum. In recent years, we have treated the novel-type CMB bispectra, which originate from the vector- and tensor-mode perturbations and include the violation of the rotational or parity invariance. On the basis of our current works, this thesis provides the general formalism for the CMB bispectrum sourced by the non-Gaussianity in the scalar, vector and tensor-mode perturbations. Applying this formalism, we calculate the CMB bispectra from the two scalars and a graviton correlation and primordial magnetic fields, and then outline new constraints on these magnitudes. Furthermore, this formalism can be easily extended to the cases where the rotational or parity invariance is broken. We also compute the CMB bispectra from the scalar-mode non-Gaussianities with a preferred direction and the tensor-mode non-Gaussianities induced by the parity-violating Weyl cubic terms. Here, we show that these bispectra include unique signals, which any symmetry-invariant models can never produce.

Relativistic quantum theory. --- Astronomy & Astrophysics --- Physical Sciences & Mathematics --- Astrophysics --- Astronomy - General --- Extraterrestrial radiation. --- Astrophysics. --- Space radiation --- Physics. --- Mathematical physics. --- Astronomy. --- Cosmology. --- Astronomy, Astrophysics and Cosmology. --- Mathematical Methods in Physics. --- Mathematical Physics. --- Astronomical physics --- Astronomy --- Cosmic physics --- Physics --- Electromagnetic waves --- Radiation --- Physical mathematics --- Mathematics --- Natural philosophy --- Philosophy, Natural --- Physical sciences --- Dynamics

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This book deals with the physics of cosmic ray diffusion theory, focusing on the physics of nonlinear transport of cosmic rays through turbulent interplanetary or interstellar plasma. The author discusses fundamental processes such as cosmic ray propagation and acceleration in the solar system or in interstellar space, the properties of such plasmas, the standard quasilinear approach to describing plasma-particle interactions as well as several more accurate nonlinear theories. Within a nonlinear treatment he revisits the mechanism of diffusive shock acceleration, which is responsible for the high cosmic ray energies. Based on new results presented in this book the author proposes future numerical, theoretical and observational research that could advance the field of cosmic ray diffusion theory.

Astrophysics. --- Cosmic rays. --- Particle acceleration. --- Plasma (Ionized gases). --- Cosmic rays --- Astrophysics --- Plasma (Ionized gases) --- Particle acceleration --- Light & Optics --- Physics --- Physical Sciences & Mathematics --- Extraterrestrial radiation. --- Space radiation --- Millikan rays --- Astrophysics and Astroparticles. --- Space Sciences (including Extraterrestrial Physics, Space Exploration and Astronautics). --- Particle and Nuclear Physics. --- Particle Acceleration and Detection, Beam Physics. --- Atoms and Molecules in Strong Fields, Laser Matter Interaction. --- Plasma Physics. --- Electromagnetic waves --- Radiation --- Extraterrestrial radiation --- Ionizing radiation --- Nuclear physics --- Radioactivity --- Space environment --- Particles (Nuclear physics) --- Acceleration (Mechanics) --- Astronomical physics --- Astronomy --- Cosmic physics --- Acceleration --- Space sciences. --- Nuclear physics. --- Atoms. --- Physics. --- Chemistry, Physical and theoretical --- Matter --- Stereochemistry --- Atomic nuclei --- Atoms, Nuclei of --- Nucleus of the atom --- Science and space --- Space research --- Cosmology --- Science --- Natural philosophy --- Philosophy, Natural --- Physical sciences --- Dynamics --- Gaseous discharge --- Gaseous plasma --- Magnetoplasma --- Ionized gases --- Constitution

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The scope of this Special Issue is to collect some of the contributions to the First International Electronic Conference on Biosensors, which was held to bring together well-known experts currently working in biosensor technologies from around the globe, and to provide an online forum for presenting and discussing new results. The world of biosensors is definitively a versatile and universally applicable one, as demonstrated by the wide range of topics which were addressed at the Conference, such as: bioengineered and biomimetic receptors; microfluidics for biosensing; biosensors for emergency situations; nanotechnologies and nanomaterials for biosensors; intra- and extracellular biosensing; and advanced applications in clinical, environmental, food safety, and cultural heritage fields.

Research & information: general --- Chemistry --- Analytical chemistry --- Listeria monocytogenes --- cell-based biosensor --- bioelectric recognition assay --- membrane-engineering --- lateral flow immunoassay --- antibiotics --- lincomycin --- gold nanoparticles --- quantum dots --- surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy --- Fumonsin B1 --- aptamers --- UV/VIS spectroscopy --- asymmetric flow field-flow fractionation --- porous silicon membrane --- bacterial detection --- selective lysis --- endolysins --- lysostaphin --- flow-through --- vibrational spectra --- molecular dynamics --- nucleotides --- Au nanoparticle --- SERS --- space biology --- deep space --- biosensors --- space radiation --- microgravity --- CubeSats --- 2D Ti3C2 MXene --- PGE2 --- 8-HOA --- lung cancer --- electrochemical --- DNA biosensors --- KRAS --- liquid biopsy --- cancer point-of-care diagnostic tests --- paper-based sensors --- nitrocellulose --- impedance measurements --- dielectric properties --- parallel-plate electrodes --- interdigital electrodes --- Bacillus thuringiensis --- sensor --- combined slot antenna --- diabetes --- dielectric permeability --- electromagnetic fields --- glucose concentration --- near-field sensor --- non-invasive measurements --- microwave sounding --- chymotrypsin --- β-casein --- nanoparticles --- UV-vis spectroscopy --- dynamic light scattering --- quartz crystal microbalance --- biologically inspired --- electronic eye --- optical methods --- RGB analysis --- tequila --- molecularly imprinted polymer (MIP) --- surface plasmon resonance (SPR) --- plastic optical fiber (POF) --- 2-furaldheide (2-FAL) --- beverages --- optical chemical sensors --- biosensor --- immunosensor --- cardiac troponin I --- single-strand DNA --- electrochemical impedance spectroscopy --- label-free --- proteins --- microfluidic chip --- self-assembled monolayers --- odor sensor --- market analysis --- technology assessment --- application field --- performance profile --- requirement profile --- biointelligence --- biological transformation --- temperature sensor --- Raman spectroscopy --- anti-Stokes/Stokes spectra --- titanium dioxide --- trypsin --- AuNPs --- acoustic wave biosensor --- colorimetric assay --- white light reflectance spectroscopy --- real-time immunosensor --- ELISA --- pesticides --- carbendazim --- fruit juices --- ECIS --- xCELLigence --- cellZscope --- hCMVEC --- endothelial cell --- impedance sensing --- light-addressable potentiometric sensor --- light-addressable electrode --- actuator-sensor system --- enzyme kinetics --- microfluidics --- HIV-1 p24 protein --- surface plasmon resonance --- surface modifications --- label-free detection --- artificial enzymes --- green synthesis --- hexacyanoferrates of transition and noble metals --- peroxidase mimetic --- amperometric (bio)sensor --- glucose oxidase --- glucose analysis --- electrocatalysis --- peroxynitrite --- flow injection analysis --- meat extracts --- myoglobin --- cobalt phthalocyanine --- electrochemical reduction --- screen-printed carbon electrode --- amperometric detection --- decay kinetics --- Listeria monocytogenes --- cell-based biosensor --- bioelectric recognition assay --- membrane-engineering --- lateral flow immunoassay --- antibiotics --- lincomycin --- gold nanoparticles --- quantum dots --- surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy --- Fumonsin B1 --- aptamers --- UV/VIS spectroscopy --- asymmetric flow field-flow fractionation --- porous silicon membrane --- bacterial detection --- selective lysis --- endolysins --- lysostaphin --- flow-through --- vibrational spectra --- molecular dynamics --- nucleotides --- Au nanoparticle --- SERS --- space biology --- deep space --- biosensors --- space radiation --- microgravity --- CubeSats --- 2D Ti3C2 MXene --- PGE2 --- 8-HOA --- lung cancer --- electrochemical --- DNA biosensors --- KRAS --- liquid biopsy --- cancer point-of-care diagnostic tests --- paper-based sensors --- nitrocellulose --- impedance measurements --- dielectric properties --- parallel-plate electrodes --- interdigital electrodes --- Bacillus thuringiensis --- sensor --- combined slot antenna --- diabetes --- dielectric permeability --- electromagnetic fields --- glucose concentration --- near-field sensor --- non-invasive measurements --- microwave sounding --- chymotrypsin --- β-casein --- nanoparticles --- UV-vis spectroscopy --- dynamic light scattering --- quartz crystal microbalance --- biologically inspired --- electronic eye --- optical methods --- RGB analysis --- tequila --- molecularly imprinted polymer (MIP) --- surface plasmon resonance (SPR) --- plastic optical fiber (POF) --- 2-furaldheide (2-FAL) --- beverages --- optical chemical sensors --- biosensor --- immunosensor --- cardiac troponin I --- single-strand DNA --- electrochemical impedance spectroscopy --- label-free --- proteins --- microfluidic chip --- self-assembled monolayers --- odor sensor --- market analysis --- technology assessment --- application field --- performance profile --- requirement profile --- biointelligence --- biological transformation --- temperature sensor --- Raman spectroscopy --- anti-Stokes/Stokes spectra --- titanium dioxide --- trypsin --- AuNPs --- acoustic wave biosensor --- colorimetric assay --- white light reflectance spectroscopy --- real-time immunosensor --- ELISA --- pesticides --- carbendazim --- fruit juices --- ECIS --- xCELLigence --- cellZscope --- hCMVEC --- endothelial cell --- impedance sensing --- light-addressable potentiometric sensor --- light-addressable electrode --- actuator-sensor system --- enzyme kinetics --- microfluidics --- HIV-1 p24 protein --- surface plasmon resonance --- surface modifications --- label-free detection --- artificial enzymes --- green synthesis --- hexacyanoferrates of transition and noble metals --- peroxidase mimetic --- amperometric (bio)sensor --- glucose oxidase --- glucose analysis --- electrocatalysis --- peroxynitrite --- flow injection analysis --- meat extracts --- myoglobin --- cobalt phthalocyanine --- electrochemical reduction --- screen-printed carbon electrode --- amperometric detection --- decay kinetics