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Cleveland (Ohio) --- Cuyahoga County (Ohio) --- Ohio --- Cleveland. --- Klivlend (Ohio) --- City of Cleveland (Ohio) --- South Brooklyn (Ohio)

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"Black Power! It was a phrase that consumed the American imagination in the 1960's and 70's and inspired a new agenda for black freedom. Dynamic and transformational, the black power movement embodied more than media stereotypes of gun-toting, dashiki-wearing black radicals; the movement opened new paths to equality through political and economic empowerment. In Harambee City, Nishani Frazier chronicles the rise and fall of black power within the Congress of Racial Equality (CORE) by exploring the powerful influence of the Cleveland CORE chapter. Frazier explores the ways that black Clevelanders began to espouse black power ideals including black institution building, self-help, and self-defense. These ideals challenged CORE's philosophy of interracial brotherhood and nonviolent direct action, spawning ideological ambiguities in the Cleveland chapter. Later, as Cleveland CORE members rose to national prominence in the organization, they advocated an open embrace of black power and encouraged national CORE to develop a notion of black community uplift that emphasized economic populism over political engagement. Not surprisingly, these new empowerment strategies found acceptance in Cleveland. By providing an understanding of the tensions between black power and the mainstream civil rights movement as they manifested themselves as both local and national forces, Harambee City sheds new light on how CORE became one of the most dynamic civil rights organizations in the black power era."--Publisher's description.

Congress of Racial Equality. --- Cleveland (Ohio) --- United States --- Politics and government --- Race relations --- History --- Klivlend (Ohio) --- Cleveland. --- City of Cleveland (Ohio) --- South Brooklyn (Ohio)

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Working class --- Catholics --- Christians --- Commons (Social order) --- Labor and laboring classes --- Laboring class --- Labouring class --- Working classes --- Social classes --- Labor --- Employment --- Mackall, Joe. --- Mackall, Joseph --- Cleveland (Ohio) --- Klivlend (Ohio) --- Cleveland. --- City of Cleveland (Ohio) --- South Brooklyn (Ohio)

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Urban policy --- History --- Cleveland (Ohio) --- Politics and government --- Cities and state --- Urban problems --- City and town life --- Economic policy --- Social policy --- Sociology, Urban --- City planning --- Urban renewal --- Klivlend (Ohio) --- Cleveland. --- City of Cleveland (Ohio) --- South Brooklyn (Ohio)

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In the 1960's, Cleveland suffered through racial violence, spiking crime rates, and a shrinking tax base, as the city lost jobs and population. Rats infested an expanding and decaying ghetto, Lake Erie appeared to be dying, and dangerous air pollution hung over the city. Such was the urban crisis in the "Mistake on the Lake." When the Cuyahoga River caught fire in the summer of 1969, the city was at its nadir, polluted and impoverished, struggling to set a new course. The burning river became the emblem of all that was wrong with the urban environment in Cleveland and in all of industrial America. Carl Stokes, the first African American mayor of a major U.S. city, had come into office in Cleveland a year earlier with energy and ideas. He surrounded himself with a talented staff, and his administration set new policies to combat pollution, improve housing, provide recreational opportunities, and spark downtown development. In Where the River Burned, David Stradling and Richard Stradling describe Cleveland's nascent transition from polluted industrial city to viable service city during the Stokes administration. The story culminates with the first Earth Day in 1970, when broad citizen engagement marked a new commitment to the creation of a cleaner, more healthful and appealing city. Although concerned primarily with addressing poverty and inequality, Stokes understood that the transition from industrial city to service city required massive investments in the urban landscape. Stokes adopted ecological thinking that emphasized the connectedness of social and environmental problems and the need for regional solutions. He served two terms as mayor, but during his four years in office Cleveland's progress fell well short of his administration's goals. Although he was acutely aware of the persistent racial and political boundaries that held back his city, Stokes was in many ways ahead of his time in his vision for Cleveland and a more livable urban America.

Community development --- City planning --- Urban renewal --- Cities and towns --- Civic planning --- Land use, Urban --- Model cities --- Redevelopment, Urban --- Slum clearance --- Town planning --- Urban design --- Urban development --- Urban planning --- Land use --- Planning --- Art, Municipal --- Civic improvement --- Regional planning --- Urban policy --- Renewal, Urban --- Urban redevelopment --- Urban renewal projects --- Regional development --- Economic assistance, Domestic --- Social planning --- Environmental aspects --- Government policy --- Management --- Citizen participation --- Stokes, Carl. --- Cleveland (Ohio) --- Klivlend (Ohio) --- Cleveland. --- City of Cleveland (Ohio) --- South Brooklyn (Ohio) --- Environmental conditions. --- Politics and government