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The topic of this paper intents to address the energy sector in Africa and more specifically in the rural regions of DRC (Democratic Republic of Congo) located in Sub-Saharan Africa. 
The DRC with a very poor population presents some specific attributes on its natural resources and energy potentials. It will be the aim to evaluate this potential and make some decision on the suitable energy source for rural electrification purpose.
The business model most suitable for the electrification of rural regions of DRC.

Renewable energies --- Solar panel --- Social economy --- Democratic Republic of Congo --- Africa --- Business Model --- Sciences économiques & de gestion > Stratégie & innovation --- Sciences économiques & de gestion > Economie internationale

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Energy harvesting is the conversion of unused or wasted energy in the ambient environment into useful electrical energy. It can be used to power small electronic systems such as wireless sensors and is beginning to enable the widespread and maintenance-free deployment of Internet of Things (IoT) technology. This Special Issue is a collection of the latest developments in both fundamental research and system-level integration. This Special Issue features two review papers, covering two of the hottest research topics in the area of energy harvesting: 3D-printed energy harvesting and triboelectric nanogenerators (TENGs). These papers provide a comprehensive survey of their respective research area, highlight the advantages of the technologies and point out challenges in future development. They are must-read papers for those who are active in these areas. This Special Issue also includes ten research papers covering a wide range of energy-harvesting techniques, including electromagnetic and piezoelectric wideband vibration, wind, current-carrying conductors, thermoelectric and solar energy harvesting, etc. Not only are the foundations of these novel energy-harvesting techniques investigated, but the numerical models, power-conditioning circuitry and real-world applications of these novel energy harvesting techniques are also presented.

piezoelectric harvester --- orthoplanar spring --- trapezoidal leg --- vibration energy --- acoustic resonance --- closed side branch --- DDES --- wind energy harvester --- Autonomous Internet of Things --- vibration energy harvesting --- electromagnetic–mechanical modeling --- autonomous sensors --- self-powered device --- battery-less modules --- energy harvesting --- Wiegand sensor --- self-oscillating boost converter --- power management --- connected vehicles --- smart cities --- electric vehicle --- IoT --- Tesla --- triboelectric nanogenerators --- ocean wave --- artificial intelligence --- structural health monitoring --- TEG --- thermoelectricity --- thermal energy harvesting --- tracker --- wildlife --- animal --- ultra low power --- 3D printed --- vibration harvester --- electromagnetic --- hybrid --- photovoltaics --- solar panel --- highway --- urban street --- experimental investigation --- water --- solar still --- absorber --- silicon --- temperature --- dual resonance frequencies --- vibration electromagnetic energy harvester --- wide harvested frequency range --- enhanced “band-pass” harvested power --- independent resonant frequencies --- autonomous wireless sensor --- passive energy management --- weak vibration --- electromagnetic converter --- wideband --- planar spring --- voltage multiplier --- rectifier --- predictive maintenance --- failure detection --- WSN --- n/a --- electromagnetic-mechanical modeling --- enhanced "band-pass" harvested power

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From New York Times bestselling author and economics columnist Robert Frank, bold new ideas for creating environments that promise a brighter futurePsychologists have long understood that social environments profoundly shape our behavior, sometimes for the better, often for the worse. But social influence is a two-way street—our environments are themselves products of our behavior. Under the Influence explains how to unlock the latent power of social context. It reveals how our environments encourage smoking, bullying, tax cheating, sexual predation, problem drinking, and wasteful energy use. We are building bigger houses, driving heavier cars, and engaging in a host of other activities that threaten the planet—mainly because that's what friends and neighbors do.In the wake of the hottest years on record, only robust measures to curb greenhouse gases promise relief from more frequent and intense storms, droughts, flooding, wildfires, and famines. Robert Frank describes how the strongest predictor of our willingness to support climate-friendly policies, install solar panels, or buy an electric car is the number of people we know who have already done so. In the face of stakes that could not be higher, the book explains how we could redirect trillions of dollars annually in support of carbon-free energy sources, all without requiring painful sacrifices from anyone.Most of us would agree that we need to take responsibility for our own choices, but with more supportive social environments, each of us is more likely to make choices that benefit everyone. Under the Influence shows how.

Influence sociale. --- Peer pressure. --- Planification sociale. --- Pression des pairs. --- Pression sociale. --- Social influence. --- Social planning. --- Social pressure. --- Vices. --- Adult. --- Agriculture. --- Alarmism. --- Andrew Sullivan. --- Awareness. --- Balanced budget. --- Behavioral contagion. --- Beneficiary (trust). --- Beneficiary. --- Bidding. --- Carbon capture and storage. --- Carbon dioxide. --- Carbon neutrality. --- Carbon tax. --- Climate change. --- Collective action. --- Conservation movement. --- Consumer behaviour. --- Consumer choice. --- Consumption (economics). --- Contentious politics. --- Demise. --- Denialism. --- Department store. --- Disaster. --- Disposable and discretionary income. --- Domestic worker. --- Economic cost. --- Economic inequality. --- Effectiveness. --- Electric vehicle. --- Employment. --- Environmental protection. --- Explanation. --- Externality. --- Finding. --- Funding. --- Global warming. --- Green New Deal. --- Greenhouse gas. --- Identity politics. --- Illustration. --- Imposition. --- Income. --- Infrastructure. --- Investment. --- James Hansen. --- Life satisfaction. --- Literature. --- Make A Difference. --- Measures of national income and output. --- Member state. --- Neoliberalism. --- Our Choice. --- Peer group. --- Pessimism. --- Plug-in electric vehicle. --- Political strategy. --- Population growth. --- Prediction. --- Progressive tax. --- Proportion (architecture). --- Public policy. --- Publication. --- Rebate (marketing). --- Result. --- Root cause. --- Salary. --- Scientific literature. --- Seriousness. --- Shortage. --- Skepticism. --- Small number. --- Social movement. --- Solar panel. --- Status quo. --- Supermarket. --- Tax rate. --- Tax resistance. --- Tax revenue. --- Taxis. --- Taxpayer. --- Textbook. --- The Power of Habit. --- Well-being. --- Will Durant. --- World population.

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This reprint presents advances in operation and maintenance in solar plants, wind farms and microgrids. This compendium of scientific articles will help clarify the current advances in this subject, so it is expected that it will please the reader.

Research & information: general --- Physics --- wind turbine --- electric generator --- spectral analysis --- fault diagnosis --- photovoltaic power forecasting --- data-driven --- deep learning --- variational autoencoders --- RNN --- angle swinging --- grid frequency oscillations --- electromechanical system --- inertial masses --- microgrids --- coordination protection --- distributed generation --- photovoltaic resources --- DigSILENT --- photovoltaic module --- defect detection --- power plant --- efficiency --- thermal image --- photovoltaic aging --- dark I-V curves --- bidirectional power inverter --- online distributed measurement of dark I-V curves --- sustainability --- compressive strength --- Bolomey formula --- sustainable concrete --- glass powder --- solar cell --- solar panel --- parameter extraction --- analytical --- Lambert W-function --- spacecraft solar panels --- I-V curve --- modeling --- wind power --- non-conventional renewable energy --- forecasting --- energy bands --- combinatorial optimization --- deep learning (DL) --- unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) --- photovoltaic (PV) systems --- image-processing --- image segmentation --- semantic segmentation --- faults diagnostic --- artificial intelligence --- unbalanced datasets --- synthetic data --- artificial neural network based MPPT --- hybrid boost converter --- renewable energies --- solar power system --- microgrid --- control system --- storage system --- primary control --- photovoltaic (PV) plants --- coverage path planning (CPP) --- corrosion monitoring --- FPGA --- offshore wind turbines --- ultrasound --- thickness loss --- SCADA --- visualisation --- software --- wind-turbine --- windfarm --- cross-platform --- HMI --- GUI --- corrosion --- monitoring --- photovoltaic systems --- expected energy models --- fleet-scale --- lasso regression --- performance modeling --- machine learning --- fault location in photovoltaic arrays --- failure modes simulation --- fault detection criterion --- adaptive protection --- distributed power generation --- power distribution --- power system protection

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Most real-world search and optimization problems naturally involve multiple criteria as objectives. Generally, symmetry, asymmetry, and anti-symmetry are basic characteristics of binary relationships used when modeling optimization problems. Moreover, the notion of symmetry has appeared in many articles about uncertainty theories that are employed in multi-criteria problems. Different solutions may produce trade-offs (conflicting scenarios) among different objectives. A better solution with respect to one objective may compromise other objectives. There are various factors that need to be considered to address the problems in multidisciplinary research, which is critical for the overall sustainability of human development and activity. In this regard, in recent decades, decision-making theory has been the subject of intense research activities due to its wide applications in different areas. The decision-making theory approach has become an important means to provide real-time solutions to uncertainty problems. Theories such as probability theory, fuzzy set theory, type-2 fuzzy set theory, rough set, and uncertainty theory, available in the existing literature, deal with such uncertainties. Nevertheless, the uncertain multi-criteria characteristics in such problems have not yet been explored in depth, and there is much left to be achieved in this direction. Hence, different mathematical models of real-life multi-criteria optimization problems can be developed in various uncertain frameworks with special emphasis on optimization problems.

Information technology industries --- multiple-criteria decision-making --- underground mines --- mining methods --- expert knowledge --- failure mode and effects analysis --- solar panel systems --- step-wise weight assessment ratio analysis --- grey relational analysis --- Z-number theory --- B2C e-commerce factors --- website --- MCDM --- Fuzzy AHP --- TOPSIS-Grey --- China --- IoT --- platform selection --- multi criteria decision analysis (MCDA) --- AHP --- PROMETHEE-II --- Industry 4.0 --- data envelopment analysis --- conjoint analysis --- experimental design --- criteria importance --- weight restrictions --- subjective and objective teacher efficiency --- multi-objective planning --- reverse supply chain --- robust optimization --- uncertainty --- meta-heuristic algorithm --- steel making industry --- fuzzy PIPRECIA --- fuzzy EDAS --- railway --- multi-criteria decision-making --- transport policy --- Six Sigma (6σ) --- DMAIC --- vehicle fleet --- optimization --- text mining --- Multi-Attribute Decision Making (MADM), criteria selection --- weighting --- Prospective MADM --- Latent Semantic Analysis (LSA) --- SIMUS --- decision tree --- transport plan --- Laplace’s criterion --- Hurwitz’s criterion --- q-rung orthopair fuzzy numbers --- q-rung orthopair fuzzy prioritized weighted average operator --- q-rung orthopair fuzzy prioritized weighted geometric operator --- green supply chain management --- fuzzy theory --- sustainable development --- SCOR model --- FAHP --- PROMETHEE II --- textile and garments industry --- sustainable supplier selection --- MCDA --- efficiency --- DEA --- SFA --- classification --- dimensionality reduction --- q-ROFNs --- Einstein operators --- prioritized aggregation operators --- multi-criteria group decision making --- hazardous materials --- vehicle route model (VRP) --- uncertainty theory --- chance constrained programming model --- hybrid intelligent algorithm --- linear Diophantine fuzzy set --- linear Diophantine fuzzy soft rough set --- soft rough linear Diophantine fuzzy set --- upper reduct and lower reduct --- core set --- multi-criteria decision making --- q-Rung orthopair fuzzy sets --- geometric aggregation operators based on generalized and group-generalized parameters --- water loss management --- decision making --- intuitionistic fuzzy sets --- the COMET method --- service quality --- fuzzy set --- Jensen–Shannon divergence --- shapley function --- TODIM --- port-hinterland transportation system --- bi-objective programming --- intermodal transportation --- carbon emissions --- uncertain demand --- distributionally robust --- chance constraint --- Yangtze River Economic Belt --- multi-criteria decision-analysis --- MCDA benchmark --- normalization --- entropy --- decision-making methods --- multi-criteria problems --- evolutionary algorithms --- machine learning --- fuzzy logic --- uncertain data --- consistency weights --- fuzzy preference relation (FPR) --- hesitant fuzzy preference relation (HFPR) --- Łukasiewicz consistency --- normal hesitant fuzzy preference relation (NHFPR) --- multiple criteria decision-making (MCDM) --- outsourcing provider --- DEMATEL --- CRITIC --- TOPSIS --- comparison measure --- representation --- disjoint --- multiplicative preference relation (MPR) --- group decision-making (GDM) --- incomplete fuzzy preference relation (IFPR) --- TL-consistency --- cubic m-polar fuzzy set --- Dombi’s operations --- cubic m-polar fuzzy aggregation operators with P-order (R-order) --- SIR technique --- complex networks --- social networks --- viral marketing --- information propagation --- crisp probability --- interval probability --- influence diagrams --- circuit breakers --- granular computing --- interval-valued --- intuitionistic fuzzy set --- multiple granulation --- ordered information system