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Une société n'est pas seulement un composé d'individus, de populations, de groupes et de réseaux, elle est aussi ce qui fait tenir le tout ensemble. En partant du concept durkheimien de solidarié sociale, Jean Barchler propose un examen des principes de cohésion et de cohérences des sociétés humaines ou morpholigies. Un repérage empirique permet de construire un échantillon plausible d'une dizaine de morphologies : la bande, la tribu, la cité, les castes indiennes, les féodalités européennes et japonaise, le marché-centre chinois, la ville-capitale asiatique et la nation moderne. Leur analyse révèle la diversité des solutions trouvées par l'éspèce humaine pour rendre effective sa grégarité. Deux chapitres sont ensuite consacrés aux dispositifs objectifs et aux dispositions subjectives mis en oeuvres par les diverses solutions. Les solidarités mécanique et organique repérées et analysées par Emile Durkheim dans la division du travail social en reçoivent un éclairage nouveau, pour porter le concept de morphologie et de culture. Cette délimitation conceptuelle permet de préciser davantage les personnalités respectives des diverses morphologies. Pour assurer leur fonction, elles doivent être simples, efficaces, souples et robustes. Des systèmes d'action sont ainsi définis, qui contribuent à expliquer leur invention anonyme dans les contextes divers rencontrés par l'éspèce humaine, que la nation soit l'aboutissement de l'invention morphologique. Des indices convergents suggèrent, au contraire, que les sociétés européennes sont en passe d'inventer une solution inédite et révolutionnaire, en exploitant non plus les ressources de solidarité humaine mais celles de la sociailité.
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General study of China - covers historical and geographical aspects, sociological aspects, languages, the social structure, living conditions, education, religion, political aspects, the economy, government policy, armed forces organisation, etc. Bibliography pp. 631 to 650, and maps.
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General study of China - covers historical and geographical aspects, sociological aspects, languages, the social structure, living conditions, education, religion, political aspects, the economy, government policy, armed forces organisation, etc. Bibliography pp. 631 to 650, and maps.
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We introduce the concept of a triad census of a digraph arid show how it can be used to enumerate various types of subgraph configurations. We give the basic probabilities needed for computing means and variances for a triad census under the U-MAN distribution for digraphs. These concepts are combined to provide a way of testing propositions about social structure using sociometric data. An application to 408 sociograms is given.
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"A new work based upon Ernest R. Groves' An introduction to sociology first published in 1928 and revised in 1932."
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High-accuracy continuous measurements of greenhouse gases (CO2 and CH4) during the BARCA (Balanc¸o Atmosfe´rico Regional de Carbono na Amazo^nia) phase B campaign in Brazil in May 2009 were accomplished using a newly available analyzer based on the cavity ring-down spectroscopy (CRDS) technique. This analyzer was flown without a drying system or any in-flight calibration gases. Water vapor corrections associated with dilution and pressure-broadening effects for CO2 and CH4 were derived from laboratory experiments employing measurements of water vapor by the CRDS analyzer. Before the campaign, the stability of the analyzer was assessed by laboratory tests under simulated flight conditions. During the campaign, a comparison of CO2 measurements between the CRDS analyzer and a nondispersive infrared (NDIR) analyzer on board the same aircraft showed a mean difference of 0.22±0.09 ppm for all flights over the Amazon rain forest. At the end of the campaign, CO2 concentrations of the synthetic calibration gases used by the NDIR analyzer were determined by the CRDS analyzer. After correcting for the isotope and the pressure-broadening effects that resulted from changes of the composition of synthetic vs. ambient air, and applying those concentrations as calibrated values of the calibration gases to reprocess the CO2 measurements made by the NDIR, the mean difference between the CRDS and the NDIR during BARCA was reduced to 0.05±0.09 ppm, with the mean standard deviation of 0.23±0.05 ppm. The results clearly show that the CRDS is sufficiently stable to be used in flight without drying the air or calibrating in flight and the water corrections are fully adequate for high-accuracy continuous airborne measurements of CO2 and CH4.
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Sociology --- Positivism. --- Social structure.
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Masks --- Folklore --- Social structure
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