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As machine-readable data comes to play an increasingly important role in everyday life, researchers find themselves with rich resources for studying society. The novel methods and tools needed to work with such data require not only new knowledge and skills, but also a new way of thinking about best research practices. This book critically reflects on the role and usefulness of big data, challenging overly optimistic expectations about what such information can reveal, introducing practices and methods for its analysis and visualisation, and raising important political and ethical questions regarding its collection, handling, and presentation.

Digital humanities --- Big data --- Research. --- Moral and ethical aspects. --- Data sets, Large --- Large data sets --- Humanities --- Data processing --- Information technology --- Data sets --- Internet research, data analysis, data visualization, social media, data journalism, society.

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This open access book presents new developments in the field of demographic forecasting, covering both mortality, fertility and migration. For each component emerging methods to forecast them are presented. Moreover, instruments for forecasting evaluation are provided. Bayesian models, nonparametric models, cohort approaches, elicitation of expert opinion, evaluation of probabilistic forecasts are some of the topics covered in the book. In addition, the book is accompanied by complementary material on the web allowing readers to practice with some of the ideas exposed in the book. Readers are encouraged to use this material to apply the new methods to their own data. The book is an important read for demographers, applied statisticians, as well as other social scientists interested or active in the field of population forecasting. Professional population forecasters in statistical agencies will find useful new ideas in various chapters.

Demography. --- Statistics . --- Statistics for Social Sciences, Humanities, Law. --- Statistical analysis --- Statistical data --- Statistical methods --- Statistical science --- Mathematics --- Econometrics --- Historical demography --- Social sciences --- Population --- Vital statistics --- Demography --- Statistics for Social Sciences, Humanities, Law --- Population and Demography --- Statistics in Social Sciences, Humanities, Law, Education, Behavorial Sciences, Public Policy --- Population forecasting --- Fertility --- Mortality --- Migration --- Forecasting evaluation --- Social Media data --- Population statistics --- Population modelling --- Bayesian population models --- Open access --- Population & demography --- Social research & statistics --- Statistics.

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Urbanization is a dominant driver of landscape transformation across the world, with cities representing centers of economic and socio-cultural development. Today, more than 4.2 billion people live in urban areas, which represent ~3% of the Earth’s land area. By 2050, it is predicted this number will increase to 6.6 billion people (~70% of the predicted global population). As the human population grows, cities around the globe will continue to expand, increasing the demand for food and services. Within cities, urban forests provide multiple nature-based solutions, as well as other environmental services and socio-economic benefits, such as heat mitigation and social integration. Urban forests are also important for coping with psychological stress during events, such as the COVID-19 pandemic. Therefore, urban forests are a priority for basic and applied forest research because they are intimately connected with people’s physical, cultural, and economic well-being in the urban environment, and can also be important reservoirs of biodiversity. To promote a better understanding of urban forests and landscape ecology, this book in “Urban Forests and Landscape Ecology” compiled research set in urban forests and focused on some spatially explicit processes. Studies presented in this book are highly interdisciplinary and use a wide range of research approaches. This book present nine scientific publications from global urban forests demonstrating that these forests, as a nature-based solution, provide multiple environmental services and are crucial to improve urban livability and thereby the wellbeing of city dwellers.

aesthetics --- causal effects --- crown form --- foliage form --- urban forests --- urban forest --- NATURA 2000 area --- soundscape --- birds --- biological diversity --- ecosystem disservices --- Mediterranean region --- green infrastructure --- urban forest types --- indicators --- microclimate --- human thermal comfort --- outdoor thermal environment --- public health --- ecological services --- urban green space --- remote sensing --- deep learning --- convolutional neural network --- residual structure --- attention mechanism --- n/a --- urban biodiversity --- urban habitat quality --- InVEST model --- land surface temperature --- Moran’s I --- Zhengzhou --- social media data --- spatiotemporal utilization --- Shanghai --- ecological function --- landscape structure --- GIS --- air pollution alleviation --- accumulation on leaves --- PM2.5 --- encapsulated particles --- urban trees --- Moran's I

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Urbanization is a dominant driver of landscape transformation across the world, with cities representing centers of economic and socio-cultural development. Today, more than 4.2 billion people live in urban areas, which represent ~3% of the Earth’s land area. By 2050, it is predicted this number will increase to 6.6 billion people (~70% of the predicted global population). As the human population grows, cities around the globe will continue to expand, increasing the demand for food and services. Within cities, urban forests provide multiple nature-based solutions, as well as other environmental services and socio-economic benefits, such as heat mitigation and social integration. Urban forests are also important for coping with psychological stress during events, such as the COVID-19 pandemic. Therefore, urban forests are a priority for basic and applied forest research because they are intimately connected with people’s physical, cultural, and economic well-being in the urban environment, and can also be important reservoirs of biodiversity. To promote a better understanding of urban forests and landscape ecology, this book in “Urban Forests and Landscape Ecology” compiled research set in urban forests and focused on some spatially explicit processes. Studies presented in this book are highly interdisciplinary and use a wide range of research approaches. This book present nine scientific publications from global urban forests demonstrating that these forests, as a nature-based solution, provide multiple environmental services and are crucial to improve urban livability and thereby the wellbeing of city dwellers.

Research & information: general --- Biology, life sciences --- aesthetics --- causal effects --- crown form --- foliage form --- urban forests --- urban forest --- NATURA 2000 area --- soundscape --- birds --- biological diversity --- ecosystem disservices --- Mediterranean region --- green infrastructure --- urban forest types --- indicators --- microclimate --- human thermal comfort --- outdoor thermal environment --- public health --- ecological services --- urban green space --- remote sensing --- deep learning --- convolutional neural network --- residual structure --- attention mechanism --- urban biodiversity --- urban habitat quality --- InVEST model --- land surface temperature --- Moran's I --- Zhengzhou --- social media data --- spatiotemporal utilization --- Shanghai --- ecological function --- landscape structure --- GIS --- air pollution alleviation --- accumulation on leaves --- PM2.5 --- encapsulated particles --- urban trees