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The Country Partnership Framework (CPF) for Tanzania covering FY18-FY22 comes at a time when Tanzania must both consolidate the gains of the last decade and address the continuing gaps in its development outcomes-including sharp spatial (rural-urban) and gender disparities in income and assets, continued challenges with respect to human capital and delivery of public services, and unsustainable use of critical natural resources. To address this, Tanzania has set out an ambitious agenda of nurturing industrialization for economic transformation, and human development. The CPF supports this agenda which is laid out in Tanzania's Second Five-Year Development Plan (FYDP II) and Zanzibar's Third Strategy for Growth and Reduction of Poverty (ZSGRP III). The Systematic Country Diagnostic (SCD) for Tanzania identifies three pathways to leverage the country's advantages to achieve the national development goals: (i) structural transformation to leverage Tanzania's natural assets and capture latent comparative advantage to create more jobs; (ii) spatial transformation to build on Tanzania's geographic advantages and maximize benefits from spatial integration and agglomeration; and (iii) upgrading public institutions and organizations, underpinned by expanding human capital, gender equity, and macroeconomic stability. Following a decade of strong growth and poverty reduction, the CPF addresses the challenges of carving a growth path that is more inclusive and sustainable.The CPF recognizes the close nexus between climate change and poverty reduction in Tanzania and places a strong emphasis on addressing the effects of climate change. The CPF will call upon the full range of World Bank Group (WBG) instruments and financial products to respond to Tanzania's needs. The CPF will address International Development Association (IDA) special themes and seek to be agile in preparing operations and analytical products. The CPF program has three areas of strategic focus. The Focus Area 1, enhance productivity and accelerate equitable and sustainable growth-is closely aligned with the FYDP II's emphasis on industrialization, and with the SCD structural and spatial transformation pathways for development. The SCD's first foundation, macroeconomic stability, is necessary for creating a conducive environment for private investment and growth. Focus Area 2, boost human capital and social inclusion-is aligned with the human development pillar of the FYDP II and the SCD's second foundation, human development and gender equity. Focus Area 3, modernize and improve efficiency of public institutions-is aligned with the SCD's emphasis on institutional transformation and the Tanzanian Government's priority on public sector accountability, private sector support and regulation, and capacity to deliver services. The three CPF focus areas are not mutually exclusive and can be leveraged to achieve substantial progress on overlapping goals. For example, if workers acquire job-relevant skills (Focus Area 2), that will contribute to the job creation goal (Focus Area 1); and improving accountability and PFM is fundamental to reaching service delivery objectives for health and education (Focus Area 3). Similarly, expanding social inclusion requires action in all focus areas.

Governance --- Inequality --- International Governmental Organizations --- Poverty Reduction --- Social Development --- Social Inclusion and Institutions

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Uruguay is a regional leader in the path toward social inclusion. Sustained economic growth and redistributive policies have made it the most egalitarian country in Latin America. However, some groups are still excluded. Afro-descendants, persons with disabilities, women particularly in female-headed households and LGBTI people are more likely to be excluded. They face unequal opportunities, lower accumulation of human capital and skills, and a lack of voice and agency to have their points of views and aspirations of development included in decision making. This translates into disadvantages in education, health, housing, political representation, and employment, among others, and a higher tendency to live in poorer regions and slums. Excluded groups are also confronted with glass ceilings in the job market, which result in lower incomes and fewer opportunities. Uruguay has a robust matrix of social policies and one of the highest levels of public social spending in the region, but atomization of social programs and lack of coordination between them compromises their effectiveness. Closing the remaining gaps is possible and may not require large additional spending. Very often, changes in preexisting programs is all it takes to make them more socially inclusive. Policies that put social inclusion at their core do not necessarily do more, but they do things differently.

Housing --- Indigenous Communities --- Inequality --- Poverty Reduction --- Social Analysis --- Social Development --- Social Inclusion --- Social Inclusion and Institutions

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This report discusses Poland's experience along five dimensions. These five dimensions - a pentagon of policies and institutions are governing, sustaining, connecting, growing, and including. The main lessons from Poland and the key insights for its future, based on this pentagon, are presented in the lessons and insights summarized in this report. Poland's experience underlines the importance of a shared vision to sustain continuing reforms. Poland's rapid economic ascent created new challenges: the creative destruction on which the growth process was based, successfully, caused massive social change. The report addresses two sets of questions. First, what are the lessons from Poland's remarkable transition to high income?; what policies were behind Poland's economic achievements?; why was Poland able to achieve high-income per capita so fast, while many other countries remained in the upper-middle-income range for decades - trapped middle-income countries (MICs)?; what policies were similar to those pursued by other new high income countries (HICs) and what were specific to Poland?, and second, what are the insights for Poland going forward? Given international experience and Poland's characteristics, what policies can it adopt to continue its ascent and reach the much higher incomes of countries that have been high income for a considerable period - the established HICs?.

Economic Growth --- Fiscal and Monetary Policy --- Macroeconomics and Economic Growth --- Poverty Reduction --- Social Development --- Social Inclusion and Institutions

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This paper disaggregates human development indicators across disability status to assess the situation of persons and households with disabilities. The paper uses 24 censuses and general household surveys from 21 low- and middle-income countries. Disability status is measured through self-reports of functional difficulties (for example, seeing or hearing). There are several findings of interest. First, disability is not rare in low- and middle-income countries. The median prevalence stands at 10 percent among adults ages 15 and older, and at 23 percent among households. There are consistent inequalities associated with disability and, in particular, with respect to educational attainment, work outcomes, poverty, food security, exposure to shocks, living conditions, and assets. At the same time, not all persons with functional difficulties experience deprivations. There is a gradient in inequalities associated with the degree of functional difficulty: persons with at least a lot of difficulty tend to be worse off than persons with some difficulty, who themselves tend to be worse off than persons with no difficulty. The results in this paper on the prevalence of functional difficulties and their association with socioeconomic deprivations show that disability should be central to human development policy, data, and research. More work is needed to curb the inequalities associated with disability.

Disability --- Functional Difficulty --- Human Development --- Inclusive Development --- Inequality --- Poverty Reduction --- Social Development --- Social Inclusion and Institutions --- Social Protections and Labor --- Sustainable Development Goals

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Gender-based violence, or GBV, is one of the most oppressive forms of gender inequality, posing a fundamental barrier to the equal participation of women and men in social, economic, and political spheres. GBV includes intimate partner violence, non-partner sexual assault, female genital mutilation, sexual exploitation and abuse, child abuse, female infanticide, and child marriage. Such violence impedes gender equality and the achievement of a range of development outcomes. In Nigeria, like in other jurisdictions, GBV remains a challenge that significantly constrains women's autonomy and opportunities. Conflict in Nigeria's North East geopolitical zone has further contributed to a steep rise in violence targeted against women and children by Boko Haram. This report uses the social ecological model as the basis to analyze prevalent GBV risks in Nigeria. It first describes the legislative and policy level frameworks associated with violence against women and girls as well as their implementation at the national and subnational levels. It then provides a detailed analysis of specific social norms that have created acceptance for or at least a lack of condemnation of GBV at the community level. Finally, based on field research, it delves deeper into some of the interpersonal and individual drivers of various forms of GBV in the selected communities.

Empowerment --- Gender --- Gender and Social Policy --- Legal Framework --- Social Analysis --- Social Conflict and Violence --- Social Development --- Social Inclusion and Institutions --- Violence Against Women