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Despite being one of the most water scarce countries in the world, Israel has achieved water security and full cost recovery through tariffs through a series of ambitious reforms. This involved nine key innovations, namely (1) putting in place a national water conveyance system to connect all water infrastructure, (2) reuse of treated wastewater for irrigation, (3) large-scale desalination PPP for potable water independence, (4) using aquifers as reservoirs, (5) interception of surface water run-off, (6) promoting crop selectivity and importation of virtual water, (7) efficient irrigation technologies, (8) demand management and public communication, and (9) creating a supporting environment for innovation. The Israeli experience holds nine important lessons learned, which are of major importance for other countries facing increasing water scarcity: (1) building public awareness of the value of water, (2) control of water allocations, (3) access to quality data for integrated management, (4) national conveyance water system, (5) massive infrastructure investment must be done in parallel with institutional reforms, (6) low price for desalinated water depends on well-designed PPP schemes, (7) wastewater reuse is beneficial but requires subsidies, (8) corporatization of water utilities requires sound regulation and heavy-handed supervision, and (9) even in a country with large resources and strong capacity, this has been a long process and mistakes have been made.

Sanitation --- Small Private Water Supply Providers --- Water Policy & Governance --- Water Resources --- Water Supply and Sanitation --- Water Supply and Sanitation Economics --- Water Supply and Sanitation Governance and Institutions

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The Philippines is home to around twenty five million of the 2.3 billion people worldwide who lack access to a basic sanitation service. Poor sanitation has enormous economic and human costs. The spread of water-borne diseases, for instance, results in billions of dollars in costs to the government and poor quality of life for many citizens. IFC's Inclusive Business team partnered with the Manila Water Foundation, which is Manila Water Company's social responsibility arm established in 2005, to undertake a three-part study that would assess the reasons why low income urban households in the Philippines still do not have improved sanitation facilities and to test possible sanitation solutions that enable these households to improve their sanitation conditions. The study is part of IFC's ongoing efforts to partner with the private and public sectors to promote inclusive and sustainable growth through market based solutions for the poor and underserved.The objectives of this study are to provide context for the sanitation conditions of low-income communities in the Philippines and to identify the opportunities and barriers to improving sanitation systems.

Pro-Poor Water Supply and Sanitation --- Small Private Water Supply Providers --- Town Water Supply and Sanitation --- Water Supply and Sanitation --- Water Supply and Sanitation Economics

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This review of wastewater management in Danube region under EU water policies shows that, despite several challenges, the UWWTD has indeed delivered results for the people and environment in Danube region. The share of wastewater treated according to the UWWTD requirements is showing a major improvement since 2004, demonstrating impact of massive investment efforts undertaken, and resulting in significant emission reduction in the recent past. This has resulted in a noticeable water quality improvement over the last 20 years for both organic pollutants and nutrients. At the same time, the review points out to several challenges. Implementation capacity is often neglected and insufficiently prepared. The necessary tariff increases, a consequence of investment in new infrastructure and related Oandamp;M cost increases, trigger affordability issues for the bottom 40 percent of population. A lack of the necessary sectoral institutional reforms, has resulted in lower than planned absorption of available funds and delays in UWWTD compliance. These challenges also represent opportunities in the implementation of the current Directive within and beyond the Member States, and its potential review. The current implementation of the Directive could be made more efficient using sound economic appraisal to prioritize investments according to their cost-effectiveness while maintaining public health and environmental benefits and achievement of WFD objectives.

Sanitation and sewerage --- Small private water supply providers --- Town water supply and sanitation --- Wastewater --- Wastewater treatment --- Water resource management --- Water supply --- Water supply and sanitation --- Water supply and sanitation economics --- Water utilities

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The global commitment to bring universal access to safely managed water supply and sanitation by 2030 set by the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) poses an unprecedented challenge. Strong political leadership will be required to bring about sector-wide changes in governance and building technical and administrative capacity at scale. This will pave the way for building, operating, and maintaining cost-effective infrastructure to supply improved and sustained services. The current model of sector finance is insufficient for reaching thee goals. Four interlinked priority actions should be taken to tackle this challenge: (1) make more efficient use of existing resources; (2) use public funds in a more targeted manner; (3) attract domestic commercial finance; and (4) focus on de-risking the sector. Through these steps, countries will be able to leverage each dollar of public funds to crowd in commercial finance, which will have significant and long-term benefits for the sector. Countries should aim to slowly and incrementally introduce commercial finance to the sector, and can ease the transition through a range of available tools.

Drinking Water --- Risk Management --- Rural Water Supply and Sanitation --- Sanitation --- Small Private Water Supply Providers --- Sustainable Development Goals --- Transparency --- Urban Water Supply and Sanitation --- Water --- Water Resource Management --- Water Resources --- Water Supply and Sanitation --- Water Supply and Sanitation Economics

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The water and sanitation sector in Indian cities is characterized by weak accountability processes and lack of customer orientation. The institutional focus of service providers tends to be on creating new assets, rather than delivery of services and performance efficiency. Moreover, in the absence of reliable service data, the planning processes that inform the creation of new assets are often not aligned with the needs and priorities of citizens. In 2009, the Service Level Benchmarks (SLB) program was introduced by the Government of India's Ministry of Urban Development (MoUD) to strengthen the focus on service delivery. Under this program, service providers reportperformance on a standardized set of indicators for delivery of water supply, wastewater, solid waste management and storm-water drainage services. While the SLB data have gradually become an integral component of India's urban reform formulations, the availability and quality of this data have tended to remain poor. It is also seen to reflect only the service providers' point of view, not the citizens' perspective on service delivery. In recent years, various social accountability tools and participation processes have also been introduced in India to strengthen pressures for improved public services and foster citizens' involvement in planning processes. While these initiatives have helped strengthen the overall focus on service delivery, basic services such as water and sanitation have largely remained outside their purview. This report presents the findings, achievements and lessons that emerged from implementing the SLB-C initiative in Indian cities with varied contexts, and its subsequent use under a national urban program. It provides recommendations for future similar initiatives.

Community Participation in Water Supply and Sanitation --- Ict Applications --- Information and Communication Technologies --- Small Private Water Supply Providers --- Town Water Supply and Sanitation --- Water Resources --- Water Supply --- Water Supply and Sanitation --- Water Supply and Sanitation Economics