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Continuous recordings were made of slow potential shift activity occurring at six locations on the surface of the cerebral cortex of seizure-prone and non seizure-prone gerbils. Measurements were made for 80-s epochs of recordings of frequency, maximum and minimum slow shift amplitude and baseline potential of the brain during periods of normal inactivity and subsequently during halothane anaesthesia. Induction of anaesthesia initially provoked large (millivolt) slow (3-4 s) oscillations in all animals, larger in amplitude than any recorded prior to anaesthesia. With increasing depth of anaesthesia, all animals also showed a reduction in the amplitude of this spontaneous slow potential shift activity. The effect was most pronounced in seizure-prone animals, and subsequent to anaesthetic-induced behavioural immobility, these animals also showed a regional resistance to the depression of spontaneous slow potential shift oscillations. Slow potential shift activity during anaesthesia represents ionic fluxes which may normally be involved; in modulation of neuronal responsiveness. It was suggested that glia may be targets for anaesthetics and that seizure susceptibility may confer some degree of resistance to the depressant effects of such substances

Acetylcholine-release. --- Activity. --- Anaesthesia. --- Anesthetic halothane. --- Animal. --- Animals. --- Astrocytes. --- Brain. --- Calcium current. --- Cerebral-cortex. --- Cortex. --- Depression. --- Frequency. --- Gerbil. --- Gerbils. --- Glia. --- Halothane. --- Immobility. --- Inactivity. --- Induction. --- Ireland. --- Modulation. --- Mongolian gerbil. --- Neuronal. --- Periods. --- Potassium channels. --- Rat. --- Reduction. --- Resistance. --- Responses. --- Seizure-susceptibility. --- Seizure. --- Slices. --- Slow potential shift. --- Susceptibility. --- Time.

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The Special Issue (SI) “Recent Advances in GPR Imaging” offers an up-to-date overview of state-of-the-art research activities dealing with the development of Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR) technology and its recent advances in imaging in the different fields of application. In fact, the advances experimented with over the last few decades with regard to the appearance of new GPR systems and the need to manage large amounts of data suggest an increasing interest in the development of new signal processing algorithms and modeling, as well as in the use of three-dimensional (3D) imaging techniques.

Ground Penetrating Radar --- n/a --- 3D visualization --- digital elevation model (DEM) --- empirical mode decomposition --- ground penetrating radar (GPR) --- GPR --- doline --- terrestrial laser scanning --- GPR data processing --- cave sediments --- distributive analysis --- clutter --- test site --- GPR imaging --- karst --- backscattering --- quarry --- railways --- Kranjsko polje --- marble --- unroofed caves --- X-ray fluorescence (XRF) --- track geometry --- X-ray diffraction (XRD) --- non-destructive testing --- toGPRi --- time-frequency analysis --- near-surface geophysics --- scattering modelling --- archaeology --- morphometrical analysis --- IMF-slices --- electromagnetic propagation in nonhomogeneous media --- infrared thermography --- network level evaluation --- land cultivation --- signal frequency analysis --- LiDAR --- time-domain analysis --- conglomerate --- railway events --- ground-penetrating radar --- ground penetrating radar --- variational mode decomposition --- spectral domain --- electrical resistivity imaging

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The adult vertebrate central nervous system mainly consists of neurons, astrocytes, microglia cells, and oligodendrocytes. Oligodendrocytes, the myelin-forming cells of the CNS, are subjected to cell stress and subsequent death in a number of metabolic or inflammatory disorders, among which multiple sclerosis (MS) is included. This disease is associated with the development of large demyelinated plaques, oligodendrocyte destruction, and axonal degeneration, paralleled by the activation of astrocytes and microglia as well as the recruitment of peripheral immune cells to the site of tissue injury. Of note, viable oligodendrocytes and an intact myelin sheath are indispensable for neuronal health. For example, it has been shown that oligodendrocytes provide nutritional support to neurons, fast axonal transport depends on proper oligodendrocyte function, and mice deficient in mature myelin proteins eventually display severe neurodegeneration. This Special Issue contains a collection of highly relevant primary research articles as well as review articles focusing on the development, physiology, and pathology of the oligodendrocyte–axon–myelin unit.

Medicine --- Neurosciences --- plasma membrane proteins --- liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry --- murine acute brain slices --- reproducibility --- rat cerebellum --- Nsun5 --- Williams-Beuren syndrome (WBS) --- corpus callosum (CC) --- oligodendrocyte (OL) --- myelination --- remyelination --- EGFR inhibitor --- smoothened agonist --- microfibers --- drug screening --- multiple sclerosis --- cuprizone --- atrophy --- design-based stereology --- 18F-FDG --- macromolecular proton fraction --- MPF --- myelin --- magnetic resonance imaging --- cuprizone model --- demyelination --- oligodendrocyte precursors --- oligodendrocytes --- immunohistochemistry --- oligodendrocyte --- epigenetics --- neurodegeneration --- laquinimod --- energy drinks --- caffeine --- taurine --- neuron --- OPC --- oligodendrocyte progenitor cells --- screening --- nanofibers --- DigiGait™ --- experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis --- gait analysis --- schizophrenia --- interneuron --- pluripotent stem cells --- cognition --- treatment --- cre-recombinase --- experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) --- glial progenitor cells --- tamoxifen --- down syndrome --- white matter --- glial fate --- transient receptor potential ankyrin 1 --- astrocyte --- conditional knockout --- astrocytes --- white matter disease --- cross-talk --- CNS --- glial cells. --- age --- microglia --- plasma membrane proteins --- liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry --- murine acute brain slices --- reproducibility --- rat cerebellum --- Nsun5 --- Williams-Beuren syndrome (WBS) --- corpus callosum (CC) --- oligodendrocyte (OL) --- myelination --- remyelination --- EGFR inhibitor --- smoothened agonist --- microfibers --- drug screening --- multiple sclerosis --- cuprizone --- atrophy --- design-based stereology --- 18F-FDG --- macromolecular proton fraction --- MPF --- myelin --- magnetic resonance imaging --- cuprizone model --- demyelination --- oligodendrocyte precursors --- oligodendrocytes --- immunohistochemistry --- oligodendrocyte --- epigenetics --- neurodegeneration --- laquinimod --- energy drinks --- caffeine --- taurine --- neuron --- OPC --- oligodendrocyte progenitor cells --- screening --- nanofibers --- DigiGait™ --- experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis --- gait analysis --- schizophrenia --- interneuron --- pluripotent stem cells --- cognition --- treatment --- cre-recombinase --- experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) --- glial progenitor cells --- tamoxifen --- down syndrome --- white matter --- glial fate --- transient receptor potential ankyrin 1 --- astrocyte --- conditional knockout --- astrocytes --- white matter disease --- cross-talk --- CNS --- glial cells. --- age --- microglia

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The current demand for healthy and sustainable foods has encouraged the development of new alternatives, even in traditional products. Improved foods may be produced by reducing the amount of some ingredients, adding new ones, or replacing traditionally used ingredients for others. By reformulating their products, manufacturers can offer healthier choices for an ever-growing number of consumers interested in maintaining a balanced diet. In addition, market demand for more sustainable foods contributes to a lower environmental impact in their production. In this regard, current areas of interest include the production of foods using a lower amount of inputs, as well as the utilization of food by-products to improve the amount and quality of available foods. Another aspect to be considered is that not all consumers are willing to eat foods produced with new ingredients or novel technologies. Hence, the development of innovations in food products should take into account the influence of the so-called consumer food neophobia. For this reason, papers dealing with the consumer acceptance of these food innovations are also welcome. Thus, the aim of this Special Issue of Foods is to provide documents focused on the production of healthier and more sustainable foods by using novel ingredients, food by-products, or new production processes.

melon-seed oil --- fruit waste --- tocopherols --- tocotrienols --- unsaturated fatty acids --- screw press --- tree nuts --- chemical composition --- proteins --- carbohydrates --- minerals --- phytochemicals --- polyphenols --- antioxidants --- volatile compounds --- saffron --- crocetin --- obesity --- agri-food marketing --- consumer behaviour --- economic and social crisis --- health --- innovation --- GM foods --- food labelling --- soybean oil --- willingness to pay --- choice experiment --- LC-mass spectrometry --- antioxidant capacity --- vacuum impregnation --- polyphenolic profile --- lulo fruit juice --- spermidine --- food innovation --- chia --- flax --- proximate composition --- sesame --- poppy --- product innovation --- process innovation --- neophobia --- food technology neophobia --- wine neophobia scale --- ham --- slices --- Crocus sativus L. --- pH --- color --- sensorial quality --- safranal --- pulsed electric fields --- pecan nut oil --- oil extraction yield --- microstructural analysis --- oil stability --- enzyme activity --- novel foods --- functional food --- food by-product --- sustainability --- food neophobia

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In the last few decades, near-infrared (NIR) spectroscopy has distinguished itself as one of the most rapidly advancing spectroscopic techniques. Mainly known as an analytical tool useful for sample characterization and content quantification, NIR spectroscopy is essential in various other fields, e.g. NIR imaging techniques in biophotonics, medical applications or used for characterization of food products. Its contribution in basic science and physical chemistry should be noted as well, e.g. in exploration of the nature of molecular vibrations or intermolecular interactions. One of the current development trends involves the miniaturization and simplification of instrumentation, creating prospects for the spread of NIR spectrometers at a consumer level in the form of smartphone attachments—a breakthrough not yet accomplished by any other analytical technique. A growing diversity in the related methods and applications has led to a dispersion of these contributions among disparate scientific communities. The aim of this Special Issue was to bring together the communities that may perceive NIR spectroscopy from different perspectives. It resulted in 30 contributions presenting the latest advances in the methodologies essential in near-infrared spectroscopy in a variety of applications.

n/a --- pocket-sized spectrometer --- standard germination tests --- total hydroxycinnamic derivatives --- hyperspectral image --- quantitative analysis modeling --- tissue --- chemotherapy --- FTIR spectroscopy --- cheese --- biomeasurements --- chemometrics --- affine invariance --- rapid identification --- biodiagnosis --- bioanalytical applications --- fat --- NIRS --- pixel-wise --- paraffin-embedded --- late preterm --- maize kernel --- photonics --- hyperspectral image processing --- image processing --- colorectal cancer --- test set validation --- deep convolutional neural network --- near-infrared fluorescence --- classification --- variety discrimination --- near-infrared hyperspectral imaging --- ensemble learning --- light --- origin traceability --- Paris polyphylla var. yunnanensis --- Fourier transform mid-infrared spectroscopy --- dry matter --- Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy --- hyperspectral imaging --- FT-NIR spectroscopy --- proximal sensing --- perfusion measurements --- near-infrared spectroscopy --- stained --- carotenoids --- cellular imaging --- perturbation --- direct model transferability --- clinical classifications --- counterfeit and substandard pharmaceuticals --- hyperspectral imaging technology --- spectral imaging --- SVM --- nutritional parameters --- extra virgin olive oil --- ethanol --- osteopathy --- living cells --- object-wise --- water-mirror approach --- Chrysanthemum --- bootstrapping soft shrinkage --- FTIR --- PLS-R --- multivariate data analysis --- combination bands --- binary dragonfly algorithm --- geographical origin --- Vitis vinifera L. --- glucose --- detection --- di-(2-picolyl)amine --- non-destructive sensor --- splanchnic --- adulteration --- animal origin --- melamine --- artemether --- MicroNIR™ --- brain --- fluorescent probes --- Folin–Ciocalteu --- SCiO --- support vector machine --- anharmonic quantum mechanical calculations --- PLSR --- Zn(II) --- RMSEP --- overtones --- blackberries --- pasta/sauce blends --- FT-IR --- partial least squares calibration --- partial least squares (PLS) --- auxiliary diagnosis --- handheld near-infrared spectroscopy --- precision viticulture --- partial least squares --- seeds vitality --- freeze-damaged --- near infrared --- discriminant analysis --- corn seed --- quantum chemical calculation --- anharmonic calculation --- Trichosanthis Fructus --- moisture --- analytical spectroscopy --- Raman spectroscopy --- NIR spectroscopy --- calibration transfer --- imaging --- water --- lumefantrine --- BRAF V600E mutation --- wavelength selection --- bone cancer --- imaging visualization --- near infrared spectroscopy --- raisins --- chemometric techniques --- data fusion --- prepared slices --- Ewing sarcoma --- biomonitoring --- Rubus fructicosus --- VIS/NIR hyperspectral imaging --- combinations bands --- quantitative analysis model --- partial least square regression --- DFT calculations --- TreeBagger --- antimalarial tablets --- accelerated aging --- agriculture --- crude drugs --- spectroscopy --- rice seeds --- PLS --- isotopic substitution --- multivariate calibration --- phytoextraction --- Fourier-transform near-infrared spectroscopy --- phenolics --- deparaffinized --- near-infrared (NIR) spectroscopy --- SIMCA --- counter propagation artificial neural network --- fructose --- PLS-DA --- ultra-high performance liquid chromatography --- aquaphotomics --- support vector machine-discriminant analysis --- hier-SVM --- DNA --- NIR --- support vector machine model --- API --- principal component analysis --- Folin-Ciocalteu