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Computational fluid dynamics (CFD), which uses numerical analysis to predict and model complex flow behaviors and transport processes, has become a mainstream tool in engineering process research and development. Complex chemical processes often involve coupling between dynamics at vastly different length and time scales, as well as coupling of different physical models. The multiscale and multiphysics nature of those problems calls for delicate modeling approaches. This book showcases recent contributions in this field, from the development of modeling methodology to its application in supporting the design, development, and optimization of engineering processes.

Technology: general issues --- wood dust --- nasal epithelia --- VOCs --- M1dG --- reactive oxygen species (ROS) --- nucleotide excision repair (NER) --- base excision repair (BER) --- oxidative DNA damage --- DNA damage response and repair network --- immune response --- autoimmunity --- systemic lupus erythematosus --- systemic sclerosis --- rheumatoid arthritis --- oxidative stress --- abasic sites --- chromatin organization --- apoptosis --- DNA damage --- general anesthesia --- neuraxial anesthesia --- comet assay --- chronic myeloid leukemia --- genetic instability --- DNA double-strand breaks --- DNA damage response --- benzo[a]pyrene --- BPDE-DNA adduct --- silymarin --- detoxification --- Nrf2 --- PXR --- DNA repair --- base excision repair (BER)glycosylases --- colorectal cancer --- reactive oxygen species --- metabolic adaptation --- drug resistance --- cancer --- thyroid --- thyroid cancer --- volcano --- metals --- metallome --- carcinogens --- hormesis --- environment pollution --- metal biocontamination --- n/a --- Diamond-Blackfan anemia --- 8-oxoguanine --- inflammatory cytokines --- erythrocyte lifespan

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This Book serves to highlight the mechanisms related to the low intestinal drug absorption, the strategies to overcome the obstacles or intestinal drug absorption, and in situ, in vitro, and in silico methodologies to predict to intestinal drug absorption. This Book presents a series of drug absorption studies and related technologies that predict intestinal permeation of drugs that govern the pharmacokinetic features of therapeutic drugs. It also contains the mechanistic understanding regarding the first-pass metabolism and intestinal efflux that modulate the pharmacokinetics of drug and suggest the formulation strategies to enhance the bioavailability of investigated drugs.

rebamipide --- nanocrystals --- oral mucositis --- hydrogel --- endocytosis --- enoxaparin --- lipid–polymer hybrid nanoparticles --- oral --- intestinal absorption --- naftidrofuryl oxalate --- solubility --- permeability --- dissolution profiles --- pharmaceutical availability --- BCS drug classification --- non-sink condition --- solubility–permeability interplay --- unstirred water layer --- poorly soluble drugs --- solubilizer additive --- phenylketonuria --- l-phenylalanine ammonia-lyase --- enzyme --- kinetics --- catabolism disorder --- biomedical drug --- P-glycoprotein --- breast cancer resistance protein --- LY335979 --- WK-X-34 --- in vivo–in vitro correlation --- lipolysis-permeation --- lipid-based drug delivery system --- PermeaPad --- cinnarizine --- lipolysis --- amorphous solid dispersion --- candesartan Cilexetil --- PVPK30 --- pH-modulation --- spray drying --- bioavailability --- nasal administration --- spray-drying --- chitosan --- microsphere --- meloxicam --- silymarin --- D-α-Tocopherol polyethylene glycol 1000 succinate (TPGS) --- liver distribution --- acetaminophen-induced hepatotoxicity --- extra virgin olive oil --- secoiridoids --- metabolism --- phenolic compounds --- intestinal permeability --- drug-phytochemical interaction --- hepatic metabolism --- mixed inhibition --- quercetin --- repaglinide

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This Book serves to highlight the mechanisms related to the low intestinal drug absorption, the strategies to overcome the obstacles or intestinal drug absorption, and in situ, in vitro, and in silico methodologies to predict to intestinal drug absorption. This Book presents a series of drug absorption studies and related technologies that predict intestinal permeation of drugs that govern the pharmacokinetic features of therapeutic drugs. It also contains the mechanistic understanding regarding the first-pass metabolism and intestinal efflux that modulate the pharmacokinetics of drug and suggest the formulation strategies to enhance the bioavailability of investigated drugs.

Medicine --- Pharmaceutical industries --- rebamipide --- nanocrystals --- oral mucositis --- hydrogel --- endocytosis --- enoxaparin --- lipid–polymer hybrid nanoparticles --- oral --- intestinal absorption --- naftidrofuryl oxalate --- solubility --- permeability --- dissolution profiles --- pharmaceutical availability --- BCS drug classification --- non-sink condition --- solubility–permeability interplay --- unstirred water layer --- poorly soluble drugs --- solubilizer additive --- phenylketonuria --- l-phenylalanine ammonia-lyase --- enzyme --- kinetics --- catabolism disorder --- biomedical drug --- P-glycoprotein --- breast cancer resistance protein --- LY335979 --- WK-X-34 --- in vivo–in vitro correlation --- lipolysis-permeation --- lipid-based drug delivery system --- PermeaPad --- cinnarizine --- lipolysis --- amorphous solid dispersion --- candesartan Cilexetil --- PVPK30 --- pH-modulation --- spray drying --- bioavailability --- nasal administration --- spray-drying --- chitosan --- microsphere --- meloxicam --- silymarin --- D-α-Tocopherol polyethylene glycol 1000 succinate (TPGS) --- liver distribution --- acetaminophen-induced hepatotoxicity --- extra virgin olive oil --- secoiridoids --- metabolism --- phenolic compounds --- intestinal permeability --- drug-phytochemical interaction --- hepatic metabolism --- mixed inhibition --- quercetin --- repaglinide

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Irving Langmuir coined the name “plasma” to describe an ionized gas back in 1927. Just over 90 years later, plasma technology is becoming increasingly important in our daily life. For example, in the medical field and dentistry, plasma is used as a method of disinfection and sterilization. Moreover, additional potential novel applications of this technology in different forms of therapy have been proposed. In the agricultural sector, plasma technology could contribute to higher crop yields by enhancing seed germination and the growth of plants, as well as the preservation of foods by disinfection. Plasma technology could also be utilized in environmental applications, including water treatment and remediation, as well as treatment of exhaust gases. Although recent extensive studies have uncovered the broad potential of plasma technology, its mechanisms of action remain unclear. Therefore, further studies aimed at elucidating the molecular mechanisms of plasma technology are required. This book is composed of original articles and reviews investigating the molecular mechanisms of plasma biology. Relevant areas of study include applications in plasma medicine, plasma agriculture, as well as plasma chemistry. Studies on potential therapeutic approaches using plasma itself and plasma-treated solutions are also included.

Technology: general issues --- cold jet atmospheric pressure plasma --- reactive oxygen and nitrogen species --- backbone cleavage --- hydroxylation --- carbonyl formation --- cold atmospheric plasma --- autophagy --- silymarin nanoemulsion --- PI3K/mTOR pathway --- wound healing --- oncology --- regenerative medicine --- plasma --- atmospheric pressure plasma jets --- large-scale imaging --- machine learning --- cancer treatment --- cellular imaging --- reactive oxygen species --- mesoporous silica nanoparticles --- biomaterials --- bone regeneration --- cytotoxicity --- proliferation --- osteogenic differentiation --- plasma-activated medium --- TRAIL --- DR5 --- apoptosis --- ROS/RNS --- atmospheric-pressure plasma --- titanium --- amine --- mesenchymal stem cells --- antibiotic resistant bacteria --- antibiotic resistance gene --- disinfection --- E. coli --- inactivation --- sterilization --- cell migration --- endothelial cells VEGF --- gynaecological oncology --- vulva cancer --- risk factors --- plasma tissue interaction --- premalignant lesions --- cancer development --- patient stratification --- individualised profiling --- predictive preventive personalised medicine (PPPM/3PM) --- treatment --- Candida albicans --- cold plasma treatment --- genome --- hydrolytic enzyme activity --- carbon assimilation --- drug susceptibility --- malignant melanoma --- acidification --- nitrite --- acidified nitrite --- nitration --- membrane damage --- CAP --- cancer --- cold atmospheric pressure plasma --- hydrogen peroxide --- hypochlorous acid --- moDCs --- peroxynitrite --- RNS --- ROS --- non-thermal plasma --- biological activity --- breast cancer --- solution plasma process --- aqueous solutions --- chitin --- chitosan --- degradation --- deacetylation --- non-thermal atmospheric pressure plasma --- Pectobacteriaceae --- Dickeya spp. --- Pectobacterium spp. --- antibacterial --- plant protection --- agriculture --- selective cancer treatment --- reaction network --- mathematical modeling --- n/a --- Mdm2–p53 --- plasma treatment --- molecular dynamic (MD) simulations --- Mdm2-p53

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Irving Langmuir coined the name “plasma” to describe an ionized gas back in 1927. Just over 90 years later, plasma technology is becoming increasingly important in our daily life. For example, in the medical field and dentistry, plasma is used as a method of disinfection and sterilization. Moreover, additional potential novel applications of this technology in different forms of therapy have been proposed. In the agricultural sector, plasma technology could contribute to higher crop yields by enhancing seed germination and the growth of plants, as well as the preservation of foods by disinfection. Plasma technology could also be utilized in environmental applications, including water treatment and remediation, as well as treatment of exhaust gases. Although recent extensive studies have uncovered the broad potential of plasma technology, its mechanisms of action remain unclear. Therefore, further studies aimed at elucidating the molecular mechanisms of plasma technology are required. This book is composed of original articles and reviews investigating the molecular mechanisms of plasma biology. Relevant areas of study include applications in plasma medicine, plasma agriculture, as well as plasma chemistry. Studies on potential therapeutic approaches using plasma itself and plasma-treated solutions are also included.

Technology: general issues --- cold jet atmospheric pressure plasma --- reactive oxygen and nitrogen species --- backbone cleavage --- hydroxylation --- carbonyl formation --- cold atmospheric plasma --- autophagy --- silymarin nanoemulsion --- PI3K/mTOR pathway --- wound healing --- oncology --- regenerative medicine --- plasma --- atmospheric pressure plasma jets --- large-scale imaging --- machine learning --- cancer treatment --- cellular imaging --- reactive oxygen species --- mesoporous silica nanoparticles --- biomaterials --- bone regeneration --- cytotoxicity --- proliferation --- osteogenic differentiation --- plasma-activated medium --- TRAIL --- DR5 --- apoptosis --- ROS/RNS --- atmospheric-pressure plasma --- titanium --- amine --- mesenchymal stem cells --- antibiotic resistant bacteria --- antibiotic resistance gene --- disinfection --- E. coli --- inactivation --- sterilization --- cell migration --- endothelial cells VEGF --- gynaecological oncology --- vulva cancer --- risk factors --- plasma tissue interaction --- premalignant lesions --- cancer development --- patient stratification --- individualised profiling --- predictive preventive personalised medicine (PPPM/3PM) --- treatment --- Candida albicans --- cold plasma treatment --- genome --- hydrolytic enzyme activity --- carbon assimilation --- drug susceptibility --- malignant melanoma --- acidification --- nitrite --- acidified nitrite --- nitration --- membrane damage --- CAP --- cancer --- cold atmospheric pressure plasma --- hydrogen peroxide --- hypochlorous acid --- moDCs --- peroxynitrite --- RNS --- ROS --- non-thermal plasma --- biological activity --- breast cancer --- solution plasma process --- aqueous solutions --- chitin --- chitosan --- degradation --- deacetylation --- non-thermal atmospheric pressure plasma --- Pectobacteriaceae --- Dickeya spp. --- Pectobacterium spp. --- antibacterial --- plant protection --- agriculture --- selective cancer treatment --- reaction network --- mathematical modeling --- Mdm2-p53 --- plasma treatment --- molecular dynamic (MD) simulations