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Silence (Philosophy)

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Snažíme-li se zaslechnout ticho, ocitáme se v paradoxní situaci – čím více napínáme uši, tím intenzivnější máme pocit, že nás obklopuje moře hluku. Zdá se nám, že ticho je lidským bytostem nedostupné. Daniela Šterbáková sleduje problém vnímatelného ticha v dialogu se současnými autory: John Cage ve své hudbě a textech otázku ticha otevřel, Roy Sorensen a Ian Phillips ji následně v rámci analytické filosofie argumentačně rozvinuli. Prostřednictvím ticha se nám tak vyjevují hranice a vzájemné vztahy mezi „běžným“ a „filosofickým“ myšlením. Nejde však pouze o tyto vztahy, ale v podstatě o ontologii absencí a nesnadné tázání po významu a možnostech smyslového vnímání. Otázkou pak zůstává, zda je možné ticho vnímat jinak než ušima.

Silence (Philosophy)

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Silence (Philosophy) --- Philosophy

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"The Mafia? What is the Mafia? Something you eat? Something you drink? I don't know the Mafia. I've never seen it." Mafiosi have often reacted this way to questions from journalists and law enforcement. Social scientists who study the Mafia usually try to pin down what it "really is," thus fusing their work with their object. In Mafiacraft, Deborah Puccio-Den undertakes a new form of ethnographic inquiry that focuses not on answering "What is the Mafia?" but on the ontological, moral, and political effects of posing the question itself. Her starting point is that Mafia is not a readily nameable social fact but a problem of thought produced by the absence of words. Puccio-Den approaches covert activities using a model of "Mafiacraft," which inverts the logic of witchcraft. If witchcraft revolves on the lethal power of speech, Mafiacraft depends on the deadly strength of silence. How do we write an ethnography of phenomena that cannot be named? Puccio-Den approaches this task with a fascinating anthropology of silence, breaking new ground for the study of the world's most famous criminal organization.

Anthropology. --- Silence (Philosophy)

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"Much focus in writing systems research has been on the correspondences on the level of the grapheme/phoneme. Seeking to complement these, this monograph considers the targets of graphic word-level units in natural language, focusing on ancient North West Semitic (NWS) writing systems, principally Hebrew, Aramaic, Phoenician and Ugaritic. While in Modern European languages word division tends to mark-up morphosyntactic elements, in most NWS writing systems word division is argued to target prosodic units, whereby written 'words' consist of units which must be pronounced together with a single primary accent or stress. This is opposed to other possibilities including Semantic word division, as seen in Middle Egyptian hieroglyphic. The monograph starts by considering word division in a source where, unlike the rest of the material considered, the phonology is well represented, the medieval tradition of Tiberian Hebrew and Aramaic. There word division is found to mark-up 'minimal prosodic words', i.e. units that must under any circumstances be pronounced together as a single phonological unit. After considering the Sitz im Leben of such a word division strategy, the monograph moves on to compare Tiberian word division with that in early epigraphic NWS, where it is shown that orthographic wordhood has an almost identical distribution. The most economical explanation for this is argued to be that word division has the same underlying basis in NWS writing since the earliest times. Thereafter word division in Ugaritic alphabetic cuneiform is considered, where two word division strategies are identified, corresponding broadly to two genres of text, poetry and prose. 'Poetic' word division is taken as an instance of mainstream 'prosodic word division', while the other is morphosyntactic in scope anticipating later word division strategies in Europe by several centuries. Finally, the monograph considers the digital encoding of word division in NWS texts, especially the difficulties, as well as potential solutions to, the problem of marking up texts with overlapping, viz. morphosyntactic and prosodic, analyses"--

Semitic languages. --- Silence (Philosophy)