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631.531 --- 631.562 --- Seeds and spores --- Cleaning and sorting of produce. Winnowing. Sieving. Peeling. Washing etc. --- 631.562 Cleaning and sorting of produce. Winnowing. Sieving. Peeling. Washing etc. --- 631.531 Seeds and spores

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Sampling and screening has been a popular method to evaluate size distribution of the fragmented material. However, this method is often considered as impractical especially when quick feedback is required for process control. Image analysis based online measurement systems (also known as machine vision systems) offer a quick, inexpensive and non-invasive way of determining the size distribution of fragmented rock (Thurley, 2002).

In this thesis, a new online 3D size measurement system (Laser Sieve) has been applied in an industrial project of Lhoist for optimization of limestone production process with regards to the minimization of fines generation. This production process involved three stages: Blasting, Primary crushing, and Secondary crushing wherein, Laser Sieve was installed to monitor the Primary Jaw Crusher product size distribution. A process audit has been conducted using Laser Sieve and Belt Scales by studying each of these production stages to identify the factors responsible for fines generation and limit their effects. Firstly, the production process was studied theoretically using some theoretical product distribution curves given by equipment manufacturers. Based on this, theoretical solutions were derived to minimize the generation of fines for the limestone production process of Jemelle. Secondly, some preliminary studies were done to determine the existing working performance and also to establish correlations between Belt Scale readings of feed and product fractions. These studies showed that for limiting the generation of fines, it is necessary to reduce fines generation in the run of mine (ROM). A theoretical simulation was also executed using Microsoft Excel for the production process at Jemelle, which showed inconsistencies when compared to the actual production figures.

After these preliminary studies, plant scale investigations were conducted to determine the preferred blasting conditions and to optimize the closed side setting (CSS) of the Primary Jaw Crusher. No specific regulation of Secondary Roll Crusher could be tried owing to its open circuit operation at Jemelle. A part of the blasted material (i.e., the 0-120 mm size fraction in ROM) was characterized using sampling and screening method. Boulder tests were conducted by feeding the Jaw Crusher with three types of boulders (of different sizes) from the quarry. Subsequently, the CSS of the Jaw Crusher was modified. Laser Sieve and Belt Scales facilitated these investigations by analyzing the Jaw Crusher product size distribution and recording the tonnages of feed and product fractions respectively. The results showed that it is preferred to feed the Jaw Crusher with a lower top size in ROM. While a larger CSS of primary crusher resulted in less production of fines, which was not in accord with the theoretical solutions.

A mass balance was performed to back-calculate the secondary crusher product distributions, which showed a deviation from the reference theoretical product distribution curve. Therefore, it was suggested that this unexpected phenomenon could be the result of either the overloading of secondary double deck screens or it could be the actual distribution given by the secondary crusher. Some more investigations have been suggested to ascertain the causes and proceed further with the optimization of the plant. Finally, a demonstration of automation in the existing limestone preparation plant is presented with the help of predictive modelling and integration of Laser Sieve in the production process.

Particle size distribution --- Comminution --- Image analysis --- Image segmentation --- Laser triangulation --- Automation --- Sampling --- Sieving --- Limestone --- Lime --- Calcination --- Closed side setting --- Run of mine --- Ingénierie, informatique & technologie > Géologie, ingénierie du pétrole & des mines

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The principal aim of this book is to provide a wide range of information and a useful reference for researchers interested to investigate heavy mineral assemblages in different geological settings and for a variety of purposes. The methodological developments achieved in recent years for the identification of heavy minerals in a wide grain-size range are illustrated. All factors that affect heavy mineral concentration and relative proportions, including hydraulic sorting, mechanical abrasion, chemical weathering, and post-depositional dissolution, and all factors able to introduce analytical, environmental, or diagenetic bias are thoroughly addressed. A proper integration of multiple techniques including bulk sediment, multi-mineral, and single-mineral methods are discussed by renowned authors in their invited contributions.

Research & information: general --- heavy minerals --- correlation --- North Sea --- Jurassic --- Triassic --- Carboniferous --- Devonian --- relative and absolute abundances --- sampling strategy --- size-window for analysis --- heavy mineral point-counting --- provenance and plate-tectonic setting --- chemical weathering --- hydraulic sorting --- recycling --- diagenesis --- sediment --- provenance --- statistics --- zircon --- point counting --- petrography --- mineral grains composition --- surface textures --- sources --- WNW Portuguese Continental Margin --- Raman spectroscopy --- sedimentary provenance --- automatization --- heavy mineral --- Pliocene --- the Changjiang Delta --- amphibole --- surface texture --- garnet --- epidote --- pyroxene --- provenance tracers --- varietal studies --- mineral chemistry --- semi-automated Raman counting --- Ladakh-Kohistan arcs --- Himalaya --- Nanga Parbat --- Karakorum --- Indus river --- amphiboles --- tremolite --- actinolite --- provenance analysis --- tectonic versus climatic control --- early-middle Pleistocene transition --- Yellow River terraces --- Lanzhou (northern China) --- sieving of fine silt --- fallacy of laser granulometry --- benthic foraminifera --- Ganga-Brahmaputra river system --- Bay of Bengal --- Himalayan orogen --- bulk-sediment petrography --- bulk-sediment geochemistry --- selective entrainment --- suspension sorting --- chemical indices of weathering --- sediment budgets --- Brahmaputra River --- Ganga River --- handbook for laboratory procedures --- nontoxic heavy liquids --- wet sieving of silt --- zircon separation --- heavy-mineral mounts --- heavy minerals --- correlation --- North Sea --- Jurassic --- Triassic --- Carboniferous --- Devonian --- relative and absolute abundances --- sampling strategy --- size-window for analysis --- heavy mineral point-counting --- provenance and plate-tectonic setting --- chemical weathering --- hydraulic sorting --- recycling --- diagenesis --- sediment --- provenance --- statistics --- zircon --- point counting --- petrography --- mineral grains composition --- surface textures --- sources --- WNW Portuguese Continental Margin --- Raman spectroscopy --- sedimentary provenance --- automatization --- heavy mineral --- Pliocene --- the Changjiang Delta --- amphibole --- surface texture --- garnet --- epidote --- pyroxene --- provenance tracers --- varietal studies --- mineral chemistry --- semi-automated Raman counting --- Ladakh-Kohistan arcs --- Himalaya --- Nanga Parbat --- Karakorum --- Indus river --- amphiboles --- tremolite --- actinolite --- provenance analysis --- tectonic versus climatic control --- early-middle Pleistocene transition --- Yellow River terraces --- Lanzhou (northern China) --- sieving of fine silt --- fallacy of laser granulometry --- benthic foraminifera --- Ganga-Brahmaputra river system --- Bay of Bengal --- Himalayan orogen --- bulk-sediment petrography --- bulk-sediment geochemistry --- selective entrainment --- suspension sorting --- chemical indices of weathering --- sediment budgets --- Brahmaputra River --- Ganga River --- handbook for laboratory procedures --- nontoxic heavy liquids --- wet sieving of silt --- zircon separation --- heavy-mineral mounts

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The principal aim of this book is to provide a wide range of information and a useful reference for researchers interested to investigate heavy mineral assemblages in different geological settings and for a variety of purposes. The methodological developments achieved in recent years for the identification of heavy minerals in a wide grain-size range are illustrated. All factors that affect heavy mineral concentration and relative proportions, including hydraulic sorting, mechanical abrasion, chemical weathering, and post-depositional dissolution, and all factors able to introduce analytical, environmental, or diagenetic bias are thoroughly addressed. A proper integration of multiple techniques including bulk sediment, multi-mineral, and single-mineral methods are discussed by renowned authors in their invited contributions.

heavy minerals --- correlation --- North Sea --- Jurassic --- Triassic --- Carboniferous --- Devonian --- relative and absolute abundances --- sampling strategy --- size-window for analysis --- heavy mineral point-counting --- provenance and plate-tectonic setting --- chemical weathering --- hydraulic sorting --- recycling --- diagenesis --- sediment --- provenance --- statistics --- zircon --- point counting --- petrography --- mineral grains composition --- surface textures --- sources --- WNW Portuguese Continental Margin --- Raman spectroscopy --- sedimentary provenance --- automatization --- heavy mineral --- Pliocene --- the Changjiang Delta --- amphibole --- surface texture --- garnet --- epidote --- pyroxene --- provenance tracers --- varietal studies --- mineral chemistry --- semi-automated Raman counting --- Ladakh-Kohistan arcs --- Himalaya --- Nanga Parbat --- Karakorum --- Indus river --- amphiboles --- tremolite --- actinolite --- provenance analysis --- tectonic versus climatic control --- early-middle Pleistocene transition --- Yellow River terraces --- Lanzhou (northern China) --- sieving of fine silt --- fallacy of laser granulometry --- benthic foraminifera --- Ganga–Brahmaputra river system --- Bay of Bengal --- Himalayan orogen --- bulk-sediment petrography --- bulk-sediment geochemistry --- selective entrainment --- suspension sorting --- chemical indices of weathering --- sediment budgets --- Brahmaputra River --- Ganga River --- handbook for laboratory procedures --- nontoxic heavy liquids --- wet sieving of silt --- zircon separation --- heavy-mineral mounts --- n/a --- Ganga-Brahmaputra river system

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This book includes papers published in the Special Issue titled “Coastal Dynamic and Evolution”, which aimed to collect multidisciplinary studies that involved the evaluation of coastal evolution at different temporal scales, from hours and days to months and years, as well as historical changes. The volume contains investigations carried out by means of aerial photos and satellite images, as well as results from in situ surveys and observations aimed at assessing morphological changes in shoreline and dune systems as a consequence of chronic flooding and erosion processes or the occurrence of specific weather-related events. Studies on the evaluation of past and future sea-level variations and related impacts have also been included. In order to provide the reader with a wide overview of different coastal settings and methodological approaches, case studies from Russia, Italy, California (USA), Morocco, Spain, Indonesia, Ireland and Colombia have been included in this Special Issue. The content may be of interest to those who perform a wide range of investigations related to coastal analysis and management, especially to researchers and academics who can exploit the provided approaches and methodologies.

Research & information: general --- cultural heritage --- shoreline dynamics --- GIS --- UAV --- Palaeolithic --- Volga --- European Russia --- XBeach --- inundation --- erosion --- BSS --- Sant Esteve 2008 --- coarse sediment --- D50 --- sieving --- sand size --- sand parameters --- coastal dynamics --- aesthetic appeal --- Baltic Sea --- coastal dunes --- Curonian Spit --- Delphi technique --- paired comparison survey --- psychophysical approach --- Jakarta Bay --- sea level rise --- river discharge --- flooding --- tides --- currents --- beach ridges --- mathematical reconstruction --- curve fitting --- Ombrone River Delta --- coastline --- cliff and bluff retreat --- erosion rate --- uncertainty --- sea-level rise --- adaptive management --- Alicante --- beach nourishment --- CIEL*a*b* --- coastal management --- Costa Blanca --- mineralogical characterization --- sediment colour --- tourism --- western Mediterranean --- EOF --- beach profiles --- reef flat --- sand rich --- accretion --- mangrove --- coastal dynamic --- salinization --- Rhizophora mangle --- Avicennia germinans --- Laguncularia racemosa --- wave energy --- Hurricane Katia --- longshore transport --- dissipative --- tsunami propagation --- tsunami flooding --- sicilian coast --- coastal hazard --- dune characterization --- anthropic occupation --- fragmentation index --- dune surface --- coastal landscape evolution --- geomorphological analysis --- palaeo-shore platform --- relative sea-level changes --- sea-level proxy --- vertical ground movements --- campi flegrei volcanic area --- coastal landscapes --- coastal evolution assessment