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The Kyrenia ship, a Greek merchantman built around 315 BC and sunk off the north coast of Cyprus 294-291 BC, was excavated between 1967 and 1972 under the direction of Michael Katzev. The importance of this ship lies in the extraordinary state of preservation of the hull, allowing great insights into ancient shipbuilding, and in the cargo it was carrying. Its hold was full of Rhodian transport amphoras and its cabin pottery was also mostly made on Rhodes, which was probably its home port. Its trade route ran between Rhodes, Cyprus, the Levant, and possibly Egypt. This first of a planned multi-volume publication includes a detailed history of the excavation of the ship, as well as the most important objects for determining the date of its sinking. These include the primary cargo, transport amphorae, with four different types from Rhodes; fewer examples from Samos and the Cyclades (Paros), and possibly northern Greece, Cyprus and the Levant. The Rhodian amphora stamps date the shipwreck to between 294 and 291 BC. The second most-helpful dating material comprises vessels and utensils (cups and saucers, cooking pots and grills, serving bowls and spoons, water jars and pitchers) used by the crew. For most categories, four examples were found, suggesting a crew of four. Scientific analyses show that the majority were again made in Rhodes. Seven bronze coins were recovered, five of which were minted in the name of Alexander the Great and one in the name of Ptolemy I in Cyprus. Together, these objects document not only the date of the sinking but also give evidence of the probable Rhodian home port and trade route of the Kyrenia ship's final voyage.

Ships, Ancient.

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Shipbuilding --- Ships, Ancient. --- Shipbuilding. --- Ships, Ancient. --- Europe

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Lionel Casson's encyclopedic study is the first of its kind to use underwater archaeological data to refine and area of scholarship that had, for the most part, relied on ancient texts and graphic representations. Tracing the history of early ships and seamanship from pre-dynastic Egypt to the Roman empire, from skiffs and barges to huge oared warships and royal yachts, Casson describes not only the ships themselves, but also the make-up and training of the crews, placement of weaponry, how cargo was stored, methods of navigation, harbor facilities, and the ways ships were named.

Seamanship --- Ships, Ancient. --- History.

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As three quarters of the earth's surface is covered by oceans and seas, so must much of the earth's history be woven from man's adventures on these waters. From the earliest records of history ships, whether large or small, long or short, low or tall, are known to have carried man to distant lands, helped him to ply his trade, enabled his enemies and afforded him pleasure. During that period which we now call ancient history, ships were a most important element in the lives of the ancient peoples. From the time of the early sailors of the Nile, the Minoan and Mycenaean merchants, Pytheas the explorer of the Mediterranean who travelled northward to Iceland and the British Isles, to the modern nuclear-powered submarines of today, man's attention has been held by the magical lure of the sea. Tracing the history and evolution of ships from the earliest known Egyptian boats to the Phoenician, Babylonian, Greek, Roman and Carthaginian galleys, Cecil Torr has captured the spirit of the ancient seamen, their inventivness and their daring. Basing his research on ancient literary references and ship representations in art he has examined every facet of the ships of old : their appearence, construction, endurance, means of locomotion as well as their uses in communication, commerce, exploration, and war. Among those described are Caesar's ships used in the invasion of Britain, the wooden triremes of the Athenian fleet, which though outnumbered by their eastern counterparts, attained a series of superb victories over the navy of the Persian empire, and the merchant ships which carried exotic wares and art treasures to the then uncivilized world of the north. A special study on Greek warships by W. W. Tarn, and several articles by such scholars as Tarn, Torr, A. B. Cook, W. Richardson and P. Newman on the Greek trireme are included. The trireme's arrangment of oars is one the most perplexing archaeological problems open to conjecture. Perhaps the infant science of underwater archaeology will bring to the surface one day the remains of one of these masters of the seas, making it possible at last to verify the conclusions of these historians. Many ships of antiquity are illustrated in photographs and drawings in a series of plates showing both ancient representations and modern research models, as well as models of ancient ahcors and steering devices. This is an exceptional and unique reference book for the historian, scholar, archaeologist, but especially for every lover of ships and the sea, whatever his occupation.

Ships, Ancient --- Shipbuilding

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Navigation --- Ships, Ancient. --- History