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In Contested Rituals, Robin Judd shows that circumcision and kosher butchering became focal points of political struggle among the German state, its municipal governments, Jews, and Gentiles. In 1843, some German-Jewish fathers refused to circumcise their sons, prompting their Jewish communities to reconsider their standards for membership. Nearly a century later, in 1933, another blood ritual, kosher butchering, served as a political and cultural touchstone when the Nazis built upon a decades-old controversy concerning the practice and prohibited it. In describing these events and related controversies that raged during the intervening years, Judd explores the nature and escalation of the ritual debates as they transcended the boundaries of the local Jewish community to include non-Jews who sought to protect, restrict, or prohibit these rites. Judd argues that the ritual debates grew out of broad shifts in German politics: the competition between local and regional authority following unification, the possibility of government intervention in private affairs, the place of religious difference in the modern age, and the relationship of the German state to its religious and ethnic minorities, including Catholics. Anti-Semitism was only one factor driving the debates and it often functioned in unexpected ways. Judd gives us a new understanding of the formation of German political systems, the importance of religious practices to Jewish political leadership, the interaction of Jews with the German government, and the reaction of Germans of all faiths to political change.

Circumcision --- Jews --- Judaism --- Shehitah --- Religious aspects --- Judaism --- History --- Customs and practices

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Religious minorities --- Slaughtering and slaughter-houses --- Muslims --- Jews --- Slaughtering and slaughter-houses (Islamic law) --- Shehitah. --- Legal status, laws, etc. --- Law and legislation --- Europe.

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Religious minorities --- Slaughtering and slaughter-houses --- Muslims --- Jews --- Slaughtering and slaughter-houses (Islamic law) --- Shehitah. --- Jews --- Muslims --- Religious minorities --- Shehitah. --- Slaughtering and slaughter-houses (Islamic law) --- Slaughtering and slaughter-houses --- Legal status, laws, etc. --- Law and legislation --- Legal status, laws, etc. --- Legal status, laws, etc. --- Legal status, laws, etc. --- Legal status, laws, etc. --- Legal status, laws, etc. --- Law and legislation. --- Europe.

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This is the first study of historical attempts by animal welfare groups to ban the Jewish method of slaughter (shechita). It details cases from Australia, Canada, England, Scotland, and the United States, many for the first time, in which anti-animal cruelty groups prosecuted those engaged in shechita as part of their attempts to introduce compulsory stunning of animals before slaughter. Despite claims to the contrary, this study offers clear evidence of underlying, unrelenting antisemitic motivations in the prosecutions, and highlights the ways in which a basic idea of innate Jewish cruelty was always juxtaposed with an overtly Christian ideal of humane treatment of animals across time and borders.

Shehitah --- Livestock --- Animal rights movement --- Meat industry and trade --- Religious discrimination --- NATURE / Animal Rights. --- RELIGION / Judaism / Rituals & Practice. --- COOKING / Regional & Ethnic / Jewish & Kosher. --- Discrimination --- Meat consumption --- Packing industry --- Food industry and trade --- Social movements --- Animal husbandry --- Farm animals --- Live stock --- Stock (Animals) --- Stock and stock-breeding --- Agriculture --- Animal culture --- Animal industry --- Domestic animals --- Food animals --- Herders --- Range management --- Rangelands --- Shechita --- Shechitah --- Shehita --- Shochet --- Shohet --- Slaughtering and slaughter-houses --- Jews --- Judaism --- Stunning --- Law and legislation --- Dietary laws --- Customs and practices --- Jewish method of slaughter. --- Shechita. --- abattoirs. --- animal cruelty. --- antisemitism. --- humane societies. --- kashrut. --- shochet.