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General ethics --- Shaftesbury, of, Anthony A.C.

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Uncovering the historical roots of naturalistic, secular contemporary ethics, in this 2006 volume Michael Gill shows how the British moralists of the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries completed a Copernican revolution in moral philosophy. They effected a shift from thinking of morality as independent of human nature to thinking of it as part of human nature itself. He also shows how the British Moralists - sometimes inadvertently, sometimes by design - disengaged ethical thinking, first from distinctly Christian ideas and then from theistic commitments altogether. Examining in detail the arguments of Whichcote, Cudworth, Shaftesbury, and Hutcheson against Calvinist conceptions of original sin and egoistic conceptions of human motivation, Gill also demonstrates how Hume combined the ideas of earlier British moralists with his own insights to produce an account of morality and human nature that undermined some of his predecessors' most deeply held philosophical goals.

General ethics --- anno 1600-1699 --- anno 1700-1799 --- Great Britain --- Ethics --- Ethics, Modern --- History --- History of philosophy --- Shaftesbury, of, Anthony A.C. --- Masham, Damaris Cudworth --- Whichcote, Benjamin --- Hutcheson, Francis --- Hume, David --- Deontology --- Ethics, Primitive --- Ethology --- Moral philosophy --- Morality --- Morals --- Philosophy, Moral --- Science, Moral --- Philosophy --- Values --- Arts and Humanities

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Daniel Carey examines afresh the fundamental debate within the Enlightenment about human diversity. Three central figures - Locke, Shaftesbury, and Hutcheson - questioned whether human nature was fragmented by diverse and incommensurable customs and beliefs or unified by shared moral and religious principles. Locke's critique of innate ideas initiated the argument, claiming that no consensus existed in the world about morality or God's existence. Testimony of human difference established this point. His position was disputed by the third Earl of Shaftesbury who reinstated a Stoic account of mankind as inspired by common ethical convictions and an impulse toward the divine. Hutcheson attempted a difficult synthesis of these two opposing figures, respecting Locke's critique while articulating a moral sense that structured human nature. Daniel Carey concludes with an investigation of the relationship between these arguments and contemporary theories, and shows that current conflicting positions reflect long-standing differences that first emerged during the Enlightenment.

General ethics --- Locke, John --- Hutcheson, Francis --- Shaftesbury, of, Anthony A.C. --- Benefices [Ecclesiastical] --- Beneficies [Kerkelijke ] --- Bénéfices ecclésiastiques --- Church benefices --- Enlightenment --- Graces [Expectative] --- Lumières (Philosophie) --- Lumières [Siècle des ] --- Pluralism (Benefices) --- Siècle des Lumières --- Verlichting (Filosofie) --- Enlightenment. --- Pluralism. --- Locke, John, --- Shaftesbury, Anthony Ashley Cooper, --- Hutcheson, Francis, --- Pluralism --- Monadology --- Monism --- Philosophy --- Reality --- Aufklärung --- Eighteenth century --- Philosophy, Modern --- Rationalism --- Anthony, --- Cooper, Anthony Ashley, --- Shaftsbury, Anthony Ashley Cooper, --- Sheftsberi, Ėntoni Ėshli Kuper, --- Shaftesbury, Anthony Ashley Cooper --- Philanthropus, --- Lokk, Dzhon, --- Lūk, Jūn, --- Lo-kʻo, --- Locke, Giovanni, --- Lock, --- Lock, John, --- Rokku, Jon, --- לוק, י׳ון, --- Arts and Humanities --- History

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The relaxing of censorship in Britain at the turn of the eighteenth century led to an explosion of satires, caricatures, and comic hoaxes. This new vogue for ridicule unleashed moral panic and prompted warnings that it would corrupt public debate. But ridicule also had vocal defenders who saw it as a means to expose hypocrisy, unsettle the arrogant, and deflate the powerful. 'Uncivil Mirth' examines how leading thinkers of the period searched for a humane form of ridicule, one that served the causes of religious toleration, the abolition of the slave trade, and the dismantling of patriarchal power.

Ridicule. --- Enlightenment. --- Enlightenment --- Shaftesbury, Anthony Ashley Cooper, --- Great Britain. --- Great Britain --- History. --- Aufklärung --- Eighteenth century --- Philosophy, Modern --- Rationalism --- England --- History --- Burke. --- Edmund Burke. --- English Enlightenment. --- Francis Hutcheson. --- Henry Sacheverell. --- Hobbes. --- Humean skepticism. --- Jeremy Waldron. --- Lawrence Klein. --- Leviathan. --- Perils of False Brethren. --- Protestantism. --- Scottish Enlightenment. --- Scottish abolitionists. --- Shaftesbury and the Culture of Politeness. --- The Harm in Hate Speech. --- Thomas Hobbes. --- comedy. --- cultural history. --- dissolute mirth. --- feminism. --- free speech. --- freedom of speech. --- humor. --- mockery. --- offense. --- politeness. --- politics of toleration. --- public sphere. --- public square. --- religious fanaticism. --- slavery. --- Intellectual life --- Ashley, --- Cooper, Anthony Ashley, --- Shaftesbury, Antony Ashley Cooper, --- Shaftesbury, --- Ṣāpṭspari Pirapu, --- Freedom of speech --- Ridicule --- Political aspects --- Fanaticism --- Free speech --- Liberty of speech --- Speech, Freedom of --- Civil rights --- Freedom of expression --- Assembly, Right of --- Freedom of information --- Intellectual freedom --- Law and legislation --- Pragmatics --- History of civilization --- Shaftesbury, of, Anthony A.C.