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A new literature on the nature of and policies for youth in Latin America is emerging, but there is still very little known about who are the most vulnerable young people. This paper aims to characterize the heterogeneity in the youth population and identify ex ante the youth that are at-risk and should be targeted with prevention programs. Using non-parametric methodologies and specialized youth surveys from Mexico and Chile, the authors quantify and characterize the different sub-groups of youth, according to the amount of risk in their lives, and find that approximately 20 percent of 18 to 24 year old Chileans and 40 percent of the same age cohort in Mexico are suffering the consequences of a range of negative behaviors. Another 8 to 20 percent demonstrate factors in their lives that pre-dispose them to becoming at-risk youth - they are the candidates for prevention programs. The analysis finds two observable variables that can be used to identify which children have a higher probability of becoming troubled youth: poverty and residing in rural areas. The analysis also finds that risky behaviors increase with age and differ by gender, thereby highlighting the need for program and policy differentiation along these two demographic dimensions.

Adolescent Health --- Alcohol --- Alcohol use --- Childhoods --- Health Monitoring and Evaluation --- Health, Nutrition and Population --- Marijuana use --- Risk taking --- Sexual activity --- Smoking --- Vulnerable young people --- Youth --- Youth and Government --- Youth development

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Sexology --- Sexual Behavior. --- Sex. --- Genotypic Sex --- Phenotypic Sex --- Sex, Genotypic --- Sex, Phenotypic --- Sexual Behavior --- Sex Characteristics --- Sex Determination Analysis --- Premarital Sex Behavior --- Sex Behavior --- Sex Orientation --- Sexual Activities --- Anal Sex --- Oral Sex --- Sexual Activity --- Sexual Orientation --- Activities, Sexual --- Activity, Sexual --- Behavior, Premarital Sex --- Behavior, Sex --- Behavior, Sexual --- Orientation, Sexual --- Sex, Anal --- Sex, Oral --- Sex --- Reproductive Behavior

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Sex (Psychology) --- Sexual Behavior. --- Psychology, Sexual --- Sex --- Sexual behavior, Psychology of --- Sexual psychology --- Sensuality --- Premarital Sex Behavior --- Sex Behavior --- Sex Orientation --- Sexual Activities --- Anal Sex --- Oral Sex --- Sexual Activity --- Sexual Orientation --- Activities, Sexual --- Activity, Sexual --- Behavior, Premarital Sex --- Behavior, Sex --- Behavior, Sexual --- Orientation, Sexual --- Sex, Anal --- Sex, Oral --- Reproductive Behavior --- Psychological aspects --- Conferences - Meetings --- Sex behavior --- Congresses. --- Sex (Psychology). --- Sexual Behavior

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This collection of pioneering sexologist Leonore Tiefer's essays includes popular as well as professional writings on the social construction of sexuality and includes a new section on Tiefer's most recent essays on female sexual dysfunction (fsd). Tiefer's background as a sexologist is unusually broad, including rodent copulation research, sex therapy, classification of dysfunctions and feminist analysis. Her wit and passion are evident in such recent essays as "Doing the Viagra Tango: Sex Pill as Symbol and Substance," "From Viagra to Niagara: Why is it so Hard to Just Talk About Sex?,"and "A New Sexual World -- Not" as well as the now classic pieces "The Kiss," "Women's Sexuality: Not a Matter of Health," "Sexual Biology and the Symbolism of the Natural," and "Am I Normal? The Question of Sex." As Tiefer states toward the end of her introduction to Part 1,"A kiss is not a kiss; your orgasm is not the same as George Washington's, premarital sex in Peru is not premarital sex in Peoria, abortion in Rome at the time of Caesar is not abortion at the time of John Paul II, and rape is neither an act of sex nor an act of violence -- all of these actions remain to be defined by individual experience within one's period and culture."

Sex. --- Sexology. --- Sexualité --- Sexologie --- Sex --- Sexology --- Sexual Behavior --- Premarital Sex Behavior --- Sex Behavior --- Sex Orientation --- Sexual Activities --- Anal Sex --- Oral Sex --- Sexual Activity --- Sexual Orientation --- Activities, Sexual --- Activity, Sexual --- Behavior, Premarital Sex --- Behavior, Sex --- Behavior, Sexual --- Orientation, Sexual --- Sex, Anal --- Sex, Oral --- Reproductive Behavior --- Gender (Sex) --- Human beings --- Human sexuality --- Sex (Gender) --- Sexual behavior --- Sexual practices --- Sexuality

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Recent evidence suggests that conditional cash transfer programs for schooling are effective in raising school enrollment and attendance. However, there is also reason to believe that such programs can affect other outcomes, such as the sexual behavior of their young beneficiaries. Zomba Cash Transfer Program is a randomized, ongoing conditional cash transfer intervention targeting young women in Malawi that provides incentives (in the form of school fees and cash transfers) to current schoolgirls and recent dropouts to stay in or return to school. An average offer of USD 10/month conditional on satisfactory school attendance - plus direct payment of secondary school fees - led to significant declines in early marriage, teenage pregnancy, and self-reported sexual activity among program beneficiaries after just one year of program implementation. For program beneficiaries who were out of school at baseline, the probability of getting married and becoming pregnant declined by more than 40 percent and 30 percent, respectively. In addition, the incidence of the onset of sexual activity was 38 percent lower among all program beneficiaries than the control group. Overall, these results suggest that conditional cash transfer programs not only serve as useful tools for improving school attendance, but may also reduce sexual activity, teen pregnancy, and early marriage.

Adolescent Health --- Developing countries --- Dissemination --- Early marriage --- Education --- Education for All --- Fertility --- Global Development --- Health, Nutrition and Population --- HIV --- HIV infection --- Labor market --- Policy Research --- Population Policies --- School attendance --- Secondary school --- Sexual activity --- Sexual Behavior --- Teen --- Teen pregnancy --- Teenage pregnancy --- Young people --- Young Women