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Fear. --- Sex difference. --- Sex differences. --- Sex-differences. --- Sex. --- Sexes. --- Sheep.

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Behavior. --- Gerbil. --- Meriones unguiculatus. --- Meriones-unguiculatus. --- Mongolian gerbil. --- Mongolian-gerbil. --- Sex difference. --- Sex differences. --- Sex-differences. --- Sex. --- Sexes. --- Time.

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Sexually dimorphic pheromone pathways have been used successfully to study insect olfactory coding. As one of the few mammalian species with an identified sex pheromone, the domestic pig (Sus scrofa) may be an ideal vertebrate species in which to examine sex differences in olfactory processing of a specific stimulus. In this experiment, androstenone and control odor detection thresholds were measured in adult male, female, and castrated male pigs. In an operant task, pigs were tested with descending concentration series of both androstenone and geraniol. All groups were equally sensitive to geraniol, but there was a sex difference in sensitivity to the odor of androstenone. Female pigs' detection threshold was a dilution fivefold lower than the threshold for intact males. Castrated males did not differ significantly from either males or females. This is the first example of a sexual dimorphism in sensitivity to a mammalian pheromone.

Adult. --- Control. --- Experiment. --- Female. --- Females. --- Group. --- Insect. --- Male. --- Males. --- Odor. --- Olfactory. --- Pheromones. --- Pig. --- Pigs. --- Sensitivity. --- Sex difference. --- Sex differences. --- Sex-differences. --- Sex. --- Sexes. --- Sexual dimorphism. --- Sexual. --- Stimulus. --- Sus-scrofa. --- Task.

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This study investigates if there are relationships between personality and performance of dogs (Canis familiaris) in working dog trials. Data from 2655 dogs of the two breeds German Shepherd dog (GSD) and Belgian Tervuren (BT) were used. The breeds were chosen because of indications of differences in personality between these breeds, and because both breeds are commonly trained for working dog trials. All dogs were tested in a personality test between 12 and 18 months of age. Using a factor analysis, five factors were extracted: "Playfulness", "Curiosity/Fearlessness", "Chase-proneness", "Sociability", and "Aggressiveness". Further analyses showed that these factors, with the exception of Aggressiveness, were all related to one higher-order factor, which was interpreted as a shyness–boldness dimension. Because of the risk of confounding variables, the influence of the owners' previous experience was tested. This showed that owner experience was related to performance, as well as to the shyness–boldness score. Therefore, only data from dogs with inexperienced owners were used in the later analyses. According to their success in working dog trials, the dogs could be categorised as low, middle, or high performing. The results show that the shyness–boldness score is related to the level of performance: high-performing dogs have higher scores (i.e. are bolder) compared to low-performing dogs. This difference was significant in Belgian Tervurens of both sexes, and in female German Shepherds. In general, German Shepherds scored higher than Belgian Tervurens, and males scored higher than females. However, in well-performing dogs there were no breed or sex differences. This indicates a threshold effect; to reach high levels in working dog trials the dog, independent of breed or sex, should have a certain level of boldness. These results imply that a lower proportion of dogs of shyer breeds are able to reach higher performance levels, compared to dogs of breeds that

Age. --- Aggressiveness. --- Analysis. --- Breed. --- Breeding. --- Canis-familiaris. --- Canis. --- Dimension. --- Dog. --- Dogs. --- Experience. --- Female. --- Females. --- German shepherd. --- Level. --- Male. --- Males. --- Performance. --- Personality. --- Protection. --- Risk. --- Selection. --- Service dog. --- Sex difference. --- Sex differences. --- Sex-differences. --- Sex. --- Sexes. --- Success. --- Test. --- Tracking. --- Training.

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During their second or third day in public animal shelter, juvenile/adult dogs were exposed to a venipuncture procedure. Then the dogs were either not petted or were petted in a prescribed manner by either a man or a woman; 20 minutes later, a second blood sample was collected. There was a clear increase in cortisol levels 20 min after the first venipuncture in juvenile/adult dogs that were not petted, but not in dogs that were petted by a man or a woman. Additional comparisons showed that the petting procedure also inhibited the cortisol response to housing in the shelter per se. During petting, dogs made few attempts to escape, frequently were observed in a relaxed posture, and panting was common in juvenile/adult dogs. When dogs were petted immediately following removal from the living cage, those petted by women yawned more often and spent more time in a relaxed, head-up posture. Together, these results indicate that a previously observed sex difference in the effectiveness of petters in reducing the cortisol response was not due to some difference in odor or other nonbehavioural stimulus quality of men and women. Subtle aspects of petting technique appear to have pronounced effects on physiological and possibly behavioural responses of dogs confined in a shelter. Petting may be an effective means of reducing the cortisol responses of dogs to other common aversive situations, such as routine medical examinations and vaccination procedures at veterinary clinics as well as shelters.

Animal shelter. --- Animal. --- Behaviour. --- Blood. --- Cage. --- Cortisol-levels. --- Cortisol. --- Dog. --- Dogs. --- Escape. --- Female. --- Housing. --- Human interaction. --- Human-animal relationships. --- Human. --- Increase. --- Interaction. --- Level. --- Male. --- Man. --- Odor. --- Petting. --- Physiological. --- Plasma-cortisol. --- Plasma. --- Posture. --- Quality. --- Response. --- Responses. --- Sex difference. --- Sex. --- Sexes. --- Shelter. --- Shelters. --- Situations. --- Stimulus. --- Stress. --- Time. --- Veterinary. --- Women.