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This is the proceedings of the AMS special session on nonstandard models of arithmetic and set theory held at the Joint Mathematics Meetings in Baltimore (MD). The volume opens with an essay from Haim Gaifman that probes the concept of nonstandardness in mathematics and provides a fascinating mix of historical and philosophical insights into the nature of nonstandard mathematical structures. In particular, Gaifman compares and contrasts the discovery of nonstandard models with other key mathematical innovations, such as the introduction of various number systems, the modern concept of function, and non-Euclidean geometries. Other articles in the book present results related to nonstandard models in arithmetic and set theory, including a survey of known results on the Turing upper bounds of arithmetic sets and functions. The volume is suitable for graduate students and research mathematicians interested in logic, especially model theory.
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The first part of this book concerns the present state of the theory of chains (= total or linear orderings), in connection with some refinements of Ramsey's theorem, due to Galvin and Nash-Williams. This leads to the fundamental Laver's embeddability theorem for scattered chains, using Nash-Williams' better quasi-orderings, barriers and forerunning.The second part (chapters 9 to 12) extends to general relations the main notions and results from order-type theory. An important connection appears with permutation theory (Cameron, Pouzet, Livingstone and Wagner) and with logics (existenc
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This comprehensive introductory textbook is designed for undergraduate mathematics students seeking to gain a strong understanding of fuzzy sets and relations. Covering all major topics in the field, this course provides a solid foundation in fuzzy mathematics, similar to a pre-calculus course covering algebra, functions and trigonometry. The book is enriched with more than 225 solved examples, 194 challenging problems, 276 multiple-choice questions and 240 true/false statements, making it an ideal companion for students looking to master the basics of fuzzy mathematics. Whether readers are studying on their own or as part of a classroom setting, this book provides a unified and comprehensive treatment of the subject, ensuring that readers have the knowledge and skills they need to succeed.
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This comprehensive introductory textbook is designed for undergraduate mathematics students seeking to gain a strong understanding of fuzzy sets and relations. Covering all major topics in the field, this course provides a solid foundation in fuzzy mathematics, similar to a pre-calculus course covering algebra, functions and trigonometry. The book is enriched with more than 225 solved examples, 194 challenging problems, 276 multiple-choice questions and 240 true/false statements, making it an ideal companion for students looking to master the basics of fuzzy mathematics. Whether readers are studying on their own or as part of a classroom setting, this book provides a unified and comprehensive treatment of the subject, ensuring that readers have the knowledge and skills they need to succeed.
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