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Electromagnetic (EM) waves carry energy through propagation in space. This radiation associates with entangled electric and magnetic fields which must exist simultaneously. Although all EM waves travel at the speed of light in vacuum, they cover a wide range of frequencies called the EM spectrum. The various portions of the EM spectrum are referred to by various names based on their different attributes in the emission, transmission, and absorption of the corresponding waves and also based on their different practical applications. There are no certain boundaries separating these various portions, and the ranges tend to overlap. Overall, the EM spectrum, from the lowest to the highest frequency (longest to shortest wavelength) contains the following waves: radio frequency (RF), microwaves, millimeter waves, terahertz, infrared, visible light, ultraviolet, X-rays, and gamma rays. This Special Issue consists of sixteen papers covering a broad range of topics related to the applications of EM waves, from the design of filters and antennas for wireless communications to biomedical imaging and sensing and beyond.

History of engineering & technology --- bonding wire --- S parameters --- electromagnetic simulation --- port embedding --- balanced bandpass filter --- common mode suppression --- spurline --- source-load coupling --- stepped impedance resonator (SIR) --- open-ended waveguide --- slow-wave --- endfire --- radiation --- dispersion --- gain --- energy verification --- Hall probe --- dipole --- movable slit --- Goubau line --- non-invasive blood glucose measurement --- Acu-check --- lancet --- leaky waves --- surface waves --- ultra-wideband --- THz absorber --- high absorption --- polarization independent --- holography --- microwave imaging --- microwave measurement system --- nondestructive testing --- electromagnetic compatibility --- protection of information --- electromagnetic emissions --- computers and information processing --- data acquisition --- image recognition --- pattern recognition --- image processing --- graphic information --- LED array --- laser printer --- compromising emanations --- electromagnetic infiltration --- reconstruction --- non-invasive data acquisition --- Fourier series expansion --- nanorod --- multimode --- propagation characteristics --- guided wave --- bandpass filter --- half-wavelength resonator --- insertion loss --- phantom measurement system --- bone lesion detection --- ground penetrating radar --- reverse time migration --- Tibetan Plateau --- permafrost active layer --- internal structure --- Chebyshev filter --- cavity --- metamaterial --- waveguide --- X-band --- meta-resonator --- machine learning --- material identification --- microwave sensor array --- microwave waveguide --- dipole and horn antennas --- carbon-composite material --- graphene --- antenna measurements --- electromagnetic waves --- bonding wire --- S parameters --- electromagnetic simulation --- port embedding --- balanced bandpass filter --- common mode suppression --- spurline --- source-load coupling --- stepped impedance resonator (SIR) --- open-ended waveguide --- slow-wave --- endfire --- radiation --- dispersion --- gain --- energy verification --- Hall probe --- dipole --- movable slit --- Goubau line --- non-invasive blood glucose measurement --- Acu-check --- lancet --- leaky waves --- surface waves --- ultra-wideband --- THz absorber --- high absorption --- polarization independent --- holography --- microwave imaging --- microwave measurement system --- nondestructive testing --- electromagnetic compatibility --- protection of information --- electromagnetic emissions --- computers and information processing --- data acquisition --- image recognition --- pattern recognition --- image processing --- graphic information --- LED array --- laser printer --- compromising emanations --- electromagnetic infiltration --- reconstruction --- non-invasive data acquisition --- Fourier series expansion --- nanorod --- multimode --- propagation characteristics --- guided wave --- bandpass filter --- half-wavelength resonator --- insertion loss --- phantom measurement system --- bone lesion detection --- ground penetrating radar --- reverse time migration --- Tibetan Plateau --- permafrost active layer --- internal structure --- Chebyshev filter --- cavity --- metamaterial --- waveguide --- X-band --- meta-resonator --- machine learning --- material identification --- microwave sensor array --- microwave waveguide --- dipole and horn antennas --- carbon-composite material --- graphene --- antenna measurements --- electromagnetic waves

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The aim of this special issue is to publish original research papers that cover recent advances in the theory and application of stochastic processes. There is especial focus on applications of stochastic processes as models of dynamic phenomena in various research areas, such as queuing theory, physics, biology, economics, medicine, reliability theory, and financial mathematics. Potential topics include, but are not limited to: Markov chains and processes; large deviations and limit theorems; random motions; stochastic biological model; reliability, availability, maintenance, inspection; queueing models; queueing network models; computational methods for stochastic models; applications to risk theory, insurance and mathematical finance.

recursive formula --- rate of convergence --- asymptotic approximation --- parabolic equation --- processor heating and cooling --- compound poisson insurance risk model --- Koksma-Hlawka inequality --- phase-type service time distribution --- discrete-time Geo/D/1 queue --- lower record values --- Fourier-cosine series --- retrials --- state-dependent marked Markovian arrival process --- queuing network --- stochastic processes --- Laplace transform --- von-Neumann–Ulam scheme --- Monte Carlo method --- Lévy process --- Wiener–Poisson risk model --- queueing systems --- quasi-random sequences --- closed-form solution --- Cauchy problem --- product form --- estimation --- extreme order statistics --- guaranteed minimum death benefit --- valuation --- multidimensional birth-death process --- Markovian queueing models --- survival probability --- truncated distribution --- Markovian arrival process --- inhomogeneous continuous-time Markov chain --- measure of information --- option --- unbiased estimator --- matrix-geometric solution --- Dickson–Hipp operator --- Fourier transform --- multi-class arrival processes --- total precipitation volume --- one dimensional projection --- random sample size --- markovian arrival process --- cumulative inaccuracy --- mutual information --- Quasi-Birth-and-Death process --- limiting characteristics --- testing statistical hypotheses --- wet periods --- compound Poisson risk model --- time-dependent queue-length probability --- non-stationary --- equity-linked death benefits --- wireless telecommunication networks --- Fourier cosine series expansion --- impatience --- generalized Gerber–Shiu discounted penalty function --- quasi-Monte Carlo method --- expected discounted penalty function --- Nonparametric threshold estimation

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Arithmetic and Geometry presents highlights of recent work in arithmetic algebraic geometry by some of the world's leading mathematicians. Together, these 2016 lectures-which were delivered in celebration of the tenth anniversary of the annual summer workshops in Alpbach, Austria-provide an introduction to high-level research on three topics: Shimura varieties, hyperelliptic continued fractions and generalized Jacobians, and Faltings height and L-functions. The book consists of notes, written by young researchers, on three sets of lectures or minicourses given at Alpbach.The first course, taught by Peter Scholze, contains his recent results dealing with the local Langlands conjecture. The fundamental question is whether for a given datum there exists a so-called local Shimura variety. In some cases, they exist in the category of rigid analytic spaces; in others, one has to use Scholze's perfectoid spaces.The second course, taught by Umberto Zannier, addresses the famous Pell equation-not in the classical setting but rather with the so-called polynomial Pell equation, where the integers are replaced by polynomials in one variable with complex coefficients, which leads to the study of hyperelliptic continued fractions and generalized Jacobians.The third course, taught by Shou-Wu Zhang, originates in the Chowla-Selberg formula, which was taken up by Gross and Zagier to relate values of the L-function for elliptic curves with the height of Heegner points on the curves. Zhang, X. Yuan, and Wei Zhang prove the Gross-Zagier formula on Shimura curves and verify the Colmez conjecture on average.

Arithmetical algebraic geometry. --- Algebraic geometry, Arithmetical --- Arithmetic algebraic geometry --- Diophantine geometry --- Geometry, Arithmetical algebraic --- Geometry, Diophantine --- Number theory --- Abelian variety. --- Algebraic geometry. --- Algebraic independence. --- Algebraic space. --- Analytic number theory. --- Arbitrarily large. --- Automorphic form. --- Automorphism. --- Base change. --- Big O notation. --- Class number formula. --- Cohomology. --- Complex multiplication. --- Computation. --- Conjecture. --- Conjugacy class. --- Continued fraction. --- Cusp form. --- Diagram (category theory). --- Dimension. --- Diophantine equation. --- Diophantine geometry. --- Discriminant. --- Divisible group. --- Double coset. --- Eisenstein series. --- Endomorphism. --- Equation. --- Existential quantification. --- Exponential map (Riemannian geometry). --- Fiber bundle. --- Floor and ceiling functions. --- Formal group. --- Formal power series. --- Formal scheme. --- Fundamental group. --- Geometric Langlands correspondence. --- Geometry. --- Heegner point. --- Hodge structure. --- Hodge theory. --- Homomorphism. --- I0. --- Integer. --- Intersection number. --- Irreducible component. --- Isogeny. --- Isomorphism class. --- Jacobian variety. --- L-function. --- Langlands dual group. --- Laurent series. --- Linear combination. --- Local system. --- Logarithmic derivative. --- Logarithmic form. --- Mathematics. --- Modular form. --- Moduli space. --- Monotonic function. --- Natural topology. --- P-adic analysis. --- P-adic number. --- Pell's equation. --- Perverse sheaf. --- Polylogarithm. --- Polynomial. --- Power series. --- Presheaf (category theory). --- Prime number. --- Projective space. --- Quaternion algebra. --- Rational point. --- Real number. --- Reductive group. --- Rigid analytic space. --- Roth's theorem. --- Series expansion. --- Shafarevich conjecture. --- Sheaf (mathematics). --- Shimura variety. --- Siegel zero. --- Special case. --- Stack (mathematics). --- Subset. --- Summation. --- Szpiro's conjecture. --- Tate conjecture. --- Tate module. --- Taylor series. --- Theorem. --- Theta function. --- Topological ring. --- Topology. --- Torsor (algebraic geometry). --- Upper and lower bounds. --- Vector bundle. --- Weil group. --- Witt vector. --- Zariski topology.

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In the past, when elements in sructures were composed of perishable materials, such as wood, the maintenance of houses, bridges, etc., was considered of vital importance for their safe use and to preserve their efficiency. With the advent of materials such as reinforced concrete and steel, given their relatively long useful life, periodic and constant maintenance has often been considered a secondary concern. When it was realized that even for structures fabricated with these materials that the useful life has an end and that it was being approached, planning maintenance became an important and non-negligible aspect. Thus, the concept of structural health monitoring (SHM) was introduced, designed, and implemented as a multidisciplinary method. Computational mechanics, static and dynamic analysis of structures, electronics, sensors, and, recently, the Internet of Things (IoT) and artificial intelligence (AI) are required, but it is also important to consider new materials, especially those with intrinsic self-diagnosis characteristics, and to use measurement and survey methods typical of modern geomatics, such as satellite surveys and highly sophisticated laser tools.

structural health monitoring --- jointless bridge --- high-speed railway --- bearing --- expansion device --- displacement analysis --- structural reliability estimation --- modal identification --- finite element model updating --- cyber-physical systems --- crowdsourcing --- temperature effects --- time-lag effect --- Fourier series expansion --- box-girder bridges --- structural engineering --- overall deformation monitoring --- perspective transformation --- edge detection --- close-range photogrammetry --- railway embankment --- condition assessment --- ground penetrating radar --- multi-attribute utility theory --- laser scanner --- line scanner --- structure monitoring --- deformation --- dynamic measurements --- scan-to-BIM --- point cloud --- HBIM --- FEM --- Rhinoceros --- terrestrial laser scanner (TLS) --- ground-based real aperture radar (GB-RAR) --- vibration frequency --- spectral analysis --- displacement --- structural health monitoring (SHM) --- vibration-based damage detection --- system identification --- subspace system identification (SSI) --- tie rod --- natural frequencies --- mode shapes --- root-mean-square error (RMSE) --- environmental monitoring --- long-range mapping --- MMS --- sub-millimetric EDM geodetic techniques --- damage detection --- damage localization --- hybrid approach --- neural network --- timber bridges --- stress-laminated timber decks --- monitoring --- humidity-temperature sensors --- wood moisture content --- multi-phase models --- finite element method --- moving load identification --- strain influence line --- load transverse distribution --- strain integral coefficient --- identification error --- n/a

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The authors present a unified treatment of basic topics that arise in Fourier analysis. Their intention is to illustrate the role played by the structure of Euclidean spaces, particularly the action of translations, dilatations, and rotations, and to motivate the study of harmonic analysis on more general spaces having an analogous structure, e.g., symmetric spaces.

Harmonic analysis. --- Harmonic functions. --- Functions, Harmonic --- Laplace's equations --- Analysis (Mathematics) --- Functions, Potential --- Potential functions --- Harmonic analysis. Fourier analysis --- Harmonic analysis --- Fourier analysis --- Harmonic functions --- Analyse harmonique --- Analyse de Fourier --- Fonctions harmoniques --- Fourier Analysis --- Fourier, Transformations de --- Euclide, Espaces d' --- Bessel functions --- Differential equations, Partial --- Fourier series --- Lamé's functions --- Spherical harmonics --- Toroidal harmonics --- Banach algebras --- Time-series analysis --- Analysis, Fourier --- Fourier analysis. --- Basic Sciences. Mathematics --- Analysis, Functions --- Analysis, Functions. --- Calculus --- Mathematical analysis --- Mathematics --- Fourier, Transformations de. --- Euclide, Espaces d'. --- Potentiel, Théorie du --- Fonctions harmoniques. --- Potential theory (Mathematics) --- Analytic continuation. --- Analytic function. --- Banach algebra. --- Banach space. --- Bessel function. --- Borel measure. --- Boundary value problem. --- Bounded operator. --- Bounded set (topological vector space). --- Cartesian coordinate system. --- Cauchy–Riemann equations. --- Change of variables. --- Characteristic function (probability theory). --- Characterization (mathematics). --- Complex plane. --- Conformal map. --- Conjugate transpose. --- Continuous function (set theory). --- Continuous function. --- Convolution. --- Differentiation of integrals. --- Dimensional analysis. --- Dirichlet problem. --- Disk (mathematics). --- Distribution (mathematics). --- Equation. --- Euclidean space. --- Existential quantification. --- Fourier inversion theorem. --- Fourier series. --- Fourier transform. --- Fubini's theorem. --- Function (mathematics). --- Function space. --- Green's theorem. --- Hardy's inequality. --- Hardy–Littlewood maximal function. --- Harmonic function. --- Hermitian matrix. --- Hilbert transform. --- Holomorphic function. --- Homogeneous function. --- Inequality (mathematics). --- Infimum and supremum. --- Interpolation theorem. --- Interval (mathematics). --- Lebesgue integration. --- Lebesgue measure. --- Linear interpolation. --- Linear map. --- Linear space (geometry). --- Line–line intersection. --- Liouville's theorem (Hamiltonian). --- Lipschitz continuity. --- Locally integrable function. --- Lp space. --- Majorization. --- Marcinkiewicz interpolation theorem. --- Mean value theorem. --- Measure (mathematics). --- Mellin transform. --- Monotonic function. --- Multiplication operator. --- Norm (mathematics). --- Operator norm. --- Orthogonal group. --- Paley–Wiener theorem. --- Partial derivative. --- Partial differential equation. --- Plancherel theorem. --- Pointwise convergence. --- Poisson kernel. --- Poisson summation formula. --- Polynomial. --- Principal value. --- Quadratic form. --- Radial function. --- Radon–Nikodym theorem. --- Representation theorem. --- Riesz transform. --- Scientific notation. --- Series expansion. --- Singular integral. --- Special case. --- Subharmonic function. --- Support (mathematics). --- Theorem. --- Topology. --- Total variation. --- Trigonometric polynomial. --- Trigonometric series. --- Two-dimensional space. --- Union (set theory). --- Unit disk. --- Unit sphere. --- Upper half-plane. --- Variable (mathematics). --- Vector space. --- Fourier, Analyse de --- Potentiel, Théorie du. --- Potentiel, Théorie du --- Espaces de hardy