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Introduction: since its introduction as valid and safe treatment to movement disorders, Deep Brain Stimulation (DBS) has been used to treat other conditions such as: chronic pain, depression, obsessive compulsive disorder and other psychiatric disorders. The focus of this study is to determine the efficacy and safety of DBS in the treatment of Obsessive Compulsive Disorders resistant to pharmacological and psychological therapy. Methods: An extensive search of the data bases such as PubMed/MEDLINE, EMBASE and the Cochrane Library was performed from January 2000 to December 2015, using different combinations of the key words: Deep Brain Stimulation, Obsessive Compulsive Disorder, High Frequency Stimulation, and Electrical stimulation to produce the maximum number of data. Results were analyzed using a fixed effect and random effect model meta-analysis to account for inter study heterogeneity. The primary outcome was the percentage of reduction of Y-BOCS (Yale Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale) and the secondary outcome was percentage of responders defined by a reduction in Y-BOC Scale of at least 35%. Results: research produced 485 articles from which 26 met the inclusion and exclusion criteria representing a total of 112 individual patients. Eighty-one patients received DBS in striatal areas (anterior Iimb of the internal capsule, ventral striatum, nucleus accumbens and ventral caudate) 25 in the sub thalamic nucleus and six in the inferior thalamic peduncle. The global percentage of reduction in Y-BOCS was 45,7% (IC95 [28,3; 63,2]), and global percentage of responders was 55,6% (IC95 [43,8; 65,3]). Five dropouts were reported and frequently reported adverse events were mild, transient and stimulation dependent. Conclusion: This meta-analysis confirms that DBS is a valid and safe alternative to ablative surgery in the treatment of severe and therapy refractory Obsessive Compulsive Disorder. Nevertheless, larger randomized and sham controlled studies are still needed in order to determine optimal stimulation conditions and target selection. Introduction : Depuis son introduction comme alternative à la chirurgie lésionnelle, la DBS a été utilisée dans le traitement de bons nombres de troubles et de maladies tels que les mouvements anormaux (maladie de Parkinson, tremblement essentiel, dystonie), le traitement de la douleur, la dépression et les troubles Obsessifs Compulsifs. Dans cette méta-analyse il s'agit de déterminer l'efficacité et l'innocuité de la DBS dans le traitement des troubles Obsessifs Compulsifs réfractaires aux traitements pharmacologiques et thérapies comportementales. Méthodes: Pour ce faire, une recherche extensive de la littérature sur PubMed/MEDLINE, EMBASE et Cochrane a été réalisée sur une période de 16 ans (de janvier 2000 à décembre 2015) en utilisant différentes combinaisons des mots clés : Deep Brain Stimulation, Obsessive Compulsive Discorder, High Frequency Stimulation, Electrical stimulation. Les résultats ont été analysés en utilisant une méta-analyse à modèle fixe et aléatoire pour tenir compte de l'hétérogénéité inter-études. L'objectif primaire est de définir l'effet réel de la DBS sur les symptômes obsessifs/compulsifs. L'objectif secondaire est de déterminer le pourcentage de répondants ainsi que le pourcentage de complications de la thérapie. Résultats : La recherche de la littérature a produit 485 résultats parmi lesquels 26 études ont été sélectionnées représentant un total de 112 patients. Quatre-vingt-un patients ont bénéficiés d'une implantation dans les régions striatales à savoir : le bras antérieur de la capsule interne, la partie ventrale de la capsule et du striatum, le nucleus accumbens, et la partie ventrale du noyau caudé. Vingt-cinq patients ont bénéficié de la stimulation du noyau sous-thalamique et six au niveau de la région du pédoncule thalamique inférieur. En moyenne les scores de l'échelle Y-BOCS ont diminué de 45,7% (IC95 [28,3 ; 63,2]), avec un pourcentage de répondant de 55,6% (IC95 [43,8 ; 65,3]). Les effets secondaires rapportés sont pour la plupart bénins, transitoires et réversibles lors de l'arrêt de la stimulation. Conclusions : Les résultats obtenus confirment l'efficacité de la DBS comme alternative valide aux traitements plus agressifs comme la chirurgie lésionnelle dans le traitement des troubles Obsessifs Compulsifs. Cependant, des études randomisées contrôlées sont encore requises pour déterminer la cible et les conditions de stimulation optimales.
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Self Stimulation --- Morphine --- Naloxone --- drug effects --- pharmacology --- pharmacology
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Hypoxia --- Self Stimulation --- Drinking Behavior --- Brain --- Avoidance Learning --- Escape Reaction --- drug effects --- drug effects --- drug effects --- drug effects --- drug effects
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Behavior --- Brain --- Electric Stimulation --- Electrophysiology --- Reward --- Stimulation, Chemical --- congresses --- physiology --- Electric Stimulation. --- Self Stimulation. --- Reward. --- Models, Neurological. --- 615.21 --- 612.8 --- 616.8 --- Model, Neurological --- Neurologic Model --- Neurological Model --- Neurological Models --- Neurologic Models --- Model, Neurologic --- Models, Neurologic --- Rewards --- Delay Discounting --- Self Stimulations --- Stimulation, Self --- Stimulations, Self --- Electrical Stimulation --- Stimulation, Electric --- Electric Stimulations --- Electrical Stimulations --- Stimulation, Electrical --- Stimulations, Electric --- Stimulations, Electrical --- Deep Brain Stimulation --- drug effects. --- Agents predominantly affecting the nervous system --- Zenuwstelsel. Zintuigen. Motorische neurowetenschappen --- Neurologie. Neuropathologie. Zenuwstelsel. Neurologische aandoeningen --- 615.21 Agents predominantly affecting the nervous system --- Animal behavior --- Brain stimulation --- Conditioned response --- Reward (Psychology) --- Congresses --- congresses. --- Self Stimulation --- Models, Neurological --- drug effects --- ICSS Intracranial Self-Stimulation --- Intracranial Self Stimulation --- Self-Stimulation --- Intracranial Self Stimulations --- Self Stimulation, Intracranial --- Self Stimulations, Intracranial --- Self-Stimulations --- Animal behavior - Congresses --- Brain stimulation - Congresses --- Conditioned response - Congresses --- Reward (Psychology) - Congresses
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The present study assessed alterations in mesolimbic enkephalin (ENK) mRNA levels after predator [2,5-dihydro-2,4,5-trimethylethiazoline (TMT)] and non-predator (butyric acid) odor encounter and/or light-dark (LD) testing in CD-1 mice immediately, 24, 48 and 168 h after the initial odor encounter and/or LD testing. The nucleus accumbens, ventral tegmental area, basolateral (BLA), central (CEA) and medial amygdaloid nuclei, prelimbic and infralimbic cortex were assessed for fos-related antigen (FRA) and/or ENK mRNA as well as neuronal activation of ENK neurons (FRA/ENK). Mice exposed to TMT displayed enhanced freezing and spent less time in the light of the immediate LD test relative to saline- or butyric acid-treated mice. Among mice exposed to TMT, LD anxiety-like behavior was associated with increased FRA in the prelimbic cortex and accumbal shell and decreased ENK-positive neurons in the accumbal core. Mice displaying high TMT-induced LD anxiety exhibited increased ENK-positive neurons in the BLA, CEA and medial amygdaloid nuclei relative to mice that displayed low anxiety-like behavior in the LD test after TMT exposure. In the BLA and CEA, 'high-anxiety' mice also displayed increased FRA/ENK after TMT exposure and LD testing. In contrast to neural cell counts, the level of ENK transcript was decreased in the BLA and CEA of 'high-anxiety' mice after TMT exposure and LD testing. These data suggest that increased FRA may regulate stressor-responsive genes and mediate long-term behavioral changes. Indeed, increased ENK availability in mesolimbic sites may promote behavioral responses that detract from the aversiveness of the stressor experience
Accumbens. --- Activation. --- Activity. --- Amygdala. --- Anxiety-like behavior. --- Anxiety. --- Area. --- Behavior. --- Behavioral-responses. --- Butyric acid. --- Cortex. --- Defensive behavior. --- Double dissociation. --- Emotional responses. --- Enkephalin. --- Experience. --- Exposure. --- Expression. --- Extended amygdala. --- Fos-related antigen. --- Freezing. --- Gene. --- Genes. --- Individual-differences. --- Infralimbic cortex. --- Infralimbic. --- Level. --- Light. --- Long-term. --- Male-rats. --- Mice. --- Neuronal. --- Neurons. --- Nucleus accumbens. --- Nucleus-accumbens. --- Nucleus. --- Odor. --- Posttraumatic-stress-disorder. --- Predator odor. --- Predator. --- Prelimbic. --- Response. --- Responses. --- Self-stimulation. --- Stressor. --- Test. --- Time. --- Unconditioned fear. --- Ventral tegmental area.
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Our understanding of addiction and how it is treated has advanced remarkably over the past decades, and much of the progress is related directly to animal research. This is true for both the behavioural aspects of drug use as well as the biological underpinnings of the disorder. In Animal Models of Drug Addiction, experts in the field provide an up-to-date review of complex behavioural paradigms that model different stages of this disorder and explain how each test is used to effectively replicate the progression of drug addiction. This detailed and practical book begins with the most common laboratory measures of addiction in animals, including intracranial self-stimulation (ICSS), drug self-administration, place conditioning, and sensitization. Later chapters describe how these paradigms are used to model the progression of drug addiction, providing insight into the clinical symptomatology of addiction from acquisition of drug use through compulsive drug taking to withdrawal and relapse. Written for the popular Neuromethods series, the contributions offer both methodological detail and a theoretical perspective, appealing to readers familiar with preclinical research on drug addiction as well as those who are newcomers to the field. Cutting-edge and authoritative, Animal Models of Drug Addiction will serve as a basis for future vital research that links the bench to the bedside in the crucial treatment of drug addiction.
Drug abuse --- Alcoholism --- Psychotropic Drugs --- Substance-Related Disorders --- Feeding and Eating Disorders. --- Models, Animal. --- Self Stimulation --- Animal models. --- pharmacology. --- psychology. --- physiology. --- Biological Science Disciplines --- Central Nervous System Agents --- Mental Disorders --- Investigative Techniques --- Diseases --- Behavioral Sciences --- Behavior --- Psychophysiology --- Natural Science Disciplines --- Psychological Phenomena and Processes --- Therapeutic Uses --- Psychiatry and Psychology --- Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment --- Behavioral Disciplines and Activities --- Behavior and Behavior Mechanisms --- Disciplines and Occupations --- Pharmacologic Actions --- Psychology --- Models, Animal --- Pharmacology --- Physiology --- Eating Disorders --- Chemical Actions and Uses --- Chemicals and Drugs --- Medicine --- Psychiatry --- Health & Biological Sciences --- Neurology --- Substance Abuse Disorders --- Animal models --- Pharmacologies --- Pharmaceutical Preparations --- Substance Addiction --- Drug Abuse --- Drug Addiction --- Drug Dependence --- Drug Habituation --- Drug Use Disorders --- Organic Mental Disorders, Substance-Induced --- Substance Abuse --- Substance Dependence --- Substance Use Disorders --- Abuse, Drug --- Abuse, Substance --- Abuses, Substance --- Addiction, Drug --- Addiction, Substance --- Dependence, Drug --- Dependence, Substance --- Disorder, Drug Use --- Disorder, Substance Use --- Drug Use Disorder --- Habituation, Drug --- Organic Mental Disorders, Substance Induced --- Substance Abuses --- Substance Use Disorder --- Experimental Animal Models --- Laboratory Animal Models --- Animal Model --- Animal Model, Experimental --- Animal Model, Laboratory --- Animal Models --- Animal Models, Experimental --- Animal Models, Laboratory --- Experimental Animal Model --- Laboratory Animal Model --- Model, Animal --- Model, Experimental Animal --- Model, Laboratory Animal --- Models, Experimental Animal --- Models, Laboratory Animal --- Psychoactive Drugs --- Psychoactive Agents --- Psychopharmaceuticals --- Agents, Psychoactive --- Drugs, Psychoactive --- Drugs, Psychotropic --- Factors, Psychological --- Psychological Factors --- Psychological Side Effects --- Psychologists --- Psychosocial Factors --- Side Effects, Psychological --- Factor, Psychological --- Factor, Psychosocial --- Factors, Psychosocial --- Psychological Factor --- Psychological Side Effect --- Psychologist --- Psychosocial Factor --- Side Effect, Psychological --- Eating and Feeding Disorders --- Feeding Disorders --- Appetite Disorders --- Appetite Disorder --- Disorder, Eating --- Disorder, Feeding --- Disorders, Eating --- Disorders, Feeding --- Eating Disorder --- Feeding Disorder --- Self Stimulations --- Stimulation, Self --- Stimulations, Self --- Chemical Actions --- Actions, Chemical --- Actions, Pharmacologic --- Therapeutic Effects --- Effects, Therapeutic --- Uses, Therapeutic --- Psychologic Processes and Principles --- Natural Sciences --- Physical Sciences --- Discipline, Natural Science --- Disciplines, Natural Science --- Natural Science --- Natural Science Discipline --- Physical Science --- Science, Natural --- Science, Physical --- Sciences, Natural --- Sciences, Physical --- Mind-Body Relationship (Physiology) --- Physiologic Psychology --- Physiological Psychology --- Psychology, Physiologic --- Mind-Body Relations (Physiology) --- Psychology, Physiological --- Mind Body Relations (Physiology) --- Mind Body Relationship (Physiology) --- Mind-Body Relation (Physiology) --- Mind-Body Relationships (Physiology) --- Physiologic Psychologies --- Psychologies, Physiologic --- Relation, Mind-Body (Physiology) --- Relations, Mind-Body (Physiology) --- Relationship, Mind-Body (Physiology) --- Relationships, Mind-Body (Physiology) --- Acceptance Process --- Acceptance Processes --- Behaviors --- Process, Acceptance --- Processes, Acceptance --- Proxemics --- Behavioral Science --- Proxemic --- Science, Behavioral --- Sciences, Behavioral --- Investigative Technics --- Investigative Technic --- Investigative Technique --- Technic, Investigative --- Technics, Investigative --- Technique, Investigative --- Techniques, Investigative --- Behavior Disorders --- Diagnosis, Psychiatric --- Mental Disorders, Severe --- Psychiatric Diagnosis --- Disorder, Mental --- Disorder, Severe Mental --- Disorders, Behavior --- Disorders, Mental --- Disorders, Severe Mental --- Mental Disorder --- Mental Disorder, Severe --- Severe Mental Disorder --- Severe Mental Disorders --- Central Nervous System Drugs --- Biologic Sciences --- Biological Science --- Science, Biological --- Sciences, Biological --- Biological Sciences --- Life Sciences --- Biologic Science --- Biological Science Discipline --- Discipline, Biological Science --- Disciplines, Biological Science --- Life Science --- Science Discipline, Biological --- Science Disciplines, Biological --- Science, Biologic --- Science, Life --- Sciences, Biologic --- Sciences, Life --- pharmacology --- Neurosciences. --- Psychiatry. --- Laboratory animals. --- Animal Models. --- Animals, Experimental --- Animals, Laboratory --- Animals in research --- Experimental animals --- Lab animals --- Animal culture --- Laboratory organisms --- Working animals --- Animal experimentation --- Medicine and psychology --- Mental health --- Psychology, Pathological --- Neural sciences --- Neurological sciences --- Neuroscience --- Medical sciences --- Nervous system --- Feeding and Eating Disorders --- psychology
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