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The technique of selective laser melting (SLM), developed in the late 20th century knows significant developments at present times. This technique, consisting of melting powder by successive layers, has the advantage of making extremely complex shapes, unachievable by traditional techniques. The use of different types of metal materials broadens its scope. The purpose of this work is the implementation of an Invar alloy by laser melting selective. Our main objective was to know the influence of each stage of heat treatment on microstructure and properties of Invar 36. Invar is an iron-nickel alloy with 36% Ni, which has the distinction of having a very low coefficient of thermal expansion in a wide temperature range around room temperature. This feature presents a major technological interest. After a brief explanation about the art on Invar, Invar effect and the SLM process, I will then present the pieces Invar manufactured by SLM for which a characterization of the microstructure was performed before and after heat treatment. The microstructural characterizations were performed with an optical microscope and scanning electron, and through Vickers hardness measurements and expansion. The results showed that the heat treatment does not significantly affect the microstructure and hardness of samples. The porosity rate decreases from the outside towards the inside of the building board and the thermal expansion coefficient of the alloys varies very little after heat treatment. In order to make a "preliminary validation and unoptimized" of the fabrication technique SLM Invar, a comparison is made between the parts produced by SLM and an extruded rod of Invar. An important discussion is then proposed on the influence of various parameters such as chemical composition, method of preparation and heat treatment on the properties and microstructure expansion.

Invar --- Selective laser melting --- Microstructure --- properties --- Ingénierie, informatique & technologie > Science des matériaux & ingénierie

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Three-dimensional printing is a futuristic technology capable of transforming the ways in which we make components and devices. It is almost certain that this technique will find its niche in the manufacturing sector in the very near future. In view of the growing importance of 3D printing, this book addresses key issues related to emerging science and technology in this area. Detailed and informative articles are presented in relation to a wide variety of materials, including those based on critical engineering metals such as aluminum, magnesium, titanium and composites. Advances in various techniques, such as electron beam melting and selective laser melting are discussed. Of key importance in the area of materials science is the end properties of the materials following processing. Accordingly, the articles presented critically discuss the effects of microstructural features such as porosity, forming defects and the heat treatment induced effects on the mechanical properties. Applications covered in these articles are targeted at the aerospace, automobile, defense and aerospace sectors. Overall, the information presented in this book is of significant importance for academic and industrial-based researchers who wish to inform themselves regarding this upcoming highly promising manufacturing technique.

composites --- laser metal deposition --- additive manufacturing --- titanium --- selective laser melting --- magnesium --- aluminum --- 3D printing --- electron beam melting

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The thesis aims at determining suitable selective laser melting process parameters enabling high productivity and sufficient part quality, for two materials: the aluminium alloy AlSi10Mg and the stainless steel SS316L.
To do that, the concept of productivity is first defined. On that basis, a strategy to optimize it is determined. It consists of finding adequate exposure parameters (power, scanning speed, hatch spacing, contour powers and contour scanning speeds) leading to a high relative density and low surface roughness, when the layer thickness is set to 0.1 mm (AlSi10Mg) and 0.08 mm (SS316L).
Experiments consisting of printing small cubes with different sets of parameters are conducted. Selecting test series parameters is reasoned using an index, which provides an estimation of the lack of fusion porosity that should be expected given a combination of power, scanning speed, hatch spacing and layer thickness.
Relative density is measured through Archimede’s method and micrography. AlSi10Mg and SS316L samples associated to a high index show lack-of-fusion pores. Besides, AlSi10Mg samples manufactured with low scanning speeds are subjected to spherical porosity, due to hydrogen bubbles that had time to grow in the melt pool before being trapped by solidification, most likely. SS316L samples present keyhole pores at high-energy-density regimes and porosity due to Plateau-Rayleigh instability at high-power-and-scanning-speed regimes.
Regarding surface quality, AlSi10Mg samples show a lower roughness when linear energy density is increased using two pre-contours, whereas SS316L samples present a better surface quality with one post-contour. Best surface roughness obtained after sandblasting is 6 μm for AlSi10Mg and 7 μm for SS316L.
Based on the conclusions of the experiments, a model is built to delimit windows of parameters leading to a sufficiently high density. Optimal sets regarding productivity are selected inside the windows. Predicted build rates are 16.5 mm3/s and 9.6 mm3/s for AlSi10Mg and SS316L, respectively. They increase current volume build rates by 58% and 159%, respectively.

Selective laser melting --- AlSi10Mg --- 316L --- Highly productive --- Experiments --- Density --- Surface roughness --- Layer thickness --- Parameters --- Power --- Scanning speed --- Hatch spacing --- Ingénierie, informatique & technologie > Ingénierie mécanique --- Ingénierie, informatique & technologie > Science des matériaux & ingénierie

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This special issue provides a current snapshot of recent advances and ongoing challenges in the development of titanium alloys for biomedical implants and devices. Titanium offers significant advantages over other materials including higher strength and better biocompatibility. This issue highlights current trends and recent developments, including the uptake of additive manufacturing (3D printing), and approaches to improve processing and performance of titanium alloys for medical applications.

History of engineering & technology --- selective laser melting --- gradient structure --- porous biomaterial --- Ti6Al4V --- mechanical properties --- osteoblast --- biomechanics --- dental implant(s) --- in vitro --- systematic reviews --- evidence-based medicine --- atrophic maxilla --- titanium hybrid-plates --- finite element analysis --- biomechanical analysis --- single-point incremental forming --- AHP --- cranioplasty plates --- decision-making --- titanium alloys --- medical devices --- machining --- titanium --- temperature --- strain --- grain refinement --- ultrafine --- nanocrystalline --- mechanical characterization --- press-fit --- primary stability --- Ti-6Al-4V --- additive manufacturing --- selective laser melting (SLM) --- electron beam melting (EBM) --- direct metal deposition (DMD) --- wire and arc additive manufacturing (WAAM) --- diffraction line profile analysis --- extended convolution multiple whole profile (eCMWP) --- implanted electrodes --- electrical stimulation --- corrosion --- mandibular reconstruction --- scaffolds --- reconstruction plate --- 3D printing --- titanium alloy --- Titanium alloys --- Ti-6Al-4V-ELI --- fatigue --- laser cutting --- post-processing --- α’-martensite --- HAZ --- barrel grinding --- notch --- fracture --- selective laser melting --- gradient structure --- porous biomaterial --- Ti6Al4V --- mechanical properties --- osteoblast --- biomechanics --- dental implant(s) --- in vitro --- systematic reviews --- evidence-based medicine --- atrophic maxilla --- titanium hybrid-plates --- finite element analysis --- biomechanical analysis --- single-point incremental forming --- AHP --- cranioplasty plates --- decision-making --- titanium alloys --- medical devices --- machining --- titanium --- temperature --- strain --- grain refinement --- ultrafine --- nanocrystalline --- mechanical characterization --- press-fit --- primary stability --- Ti-6Al-4V --- additive manufacturing --- selective laser melting (SLM) --- electron beam melting (EBM) --- direct metal deposition (DMD) --- wire and arc additive manufacturing (WAAM) --- diffraction line profile analysis --- extended convolution multiple whole profile (eCMWP) --- implanted electrodes --- electrical stimulation --- corrosion --- mandibular reconstruction --- scaffolds --- reconstruction plate --- 3D printing --- titanium alloy --- Titanium alloys --- Ti-6Al-4V-ELI --- fatigue --- laser cutting --- post-processing --- α’-martensite --- HAZ --- barrel grinding --- notch --- fracture

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This book is an exciting collection of research articles that offer a unique view into the fast developing field of metal additive manufacturing, providing insights into this advanced manufacturing technology. The articles span recent advances in metal AM technologies, and their application to a wide range of metals, exploring how the processing parameters offer unique material properties. This book encapsulates the state of the art in this rapidly evolving field of technology and will be a valuable resource for researchers in the field, from Ph.D. students to professors, and through to industrial end users.

Technology: general issues --- additive manufacturing --- laser powder bed fusion --- A357.0 --- mechanical performance --- Laser powder bed fusion --- selective laser melting --- SKD61 tool steel --- nanoindentation --- strain-rate sensitivity --- nonhorizontal suspension structure --- boundary remelting --- surface roughness --- forming accuracy --- Ti–6Al–4V alloy --- metallurgical quality --- mechanical properties --- aluminum alloys --- high-temperature deformation --- microstructure --- selective laser melting (SLM) --- Ti alloy --- high temperature tensile --- erosion --- wear --- construction --- WAAM --- welding --- steel --- ESPI --- design --- powder bed fusion (PBF) --- Ti-6Al-4V --- phase transformation --- tensile --- 90W-7Ni-3Fe --- densification --- properties --- hyper-duplex stainless steel --- mechanical property --- corrosion resistance --- Alsi10Mg --- stress relieve --- Inconel 718 --- embrittlement --- titanium --- drilling --- chip geometry --- cutting forces --- hole quality --- DED --- laser --- thermal conductivity --- thermal diffusivity --- thermal modeling --- hot stamping --- AISI H13 --- plasma transferred arc --- processing conditions --- Hastelloy C-22 --- wire and arc additive manufacturing --- low-carbon high-strength steel --- anisotropy