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Although the concept of randomized assignment to control for extraneous factors reaches back hundreds of years, the first empirical use appears to have been in an 1835 trial of homeopathic medicine. Throughout the 19th century, there was primarily a growing awareness of the need for careful comparison groups, albeit often without the realization that randomization could be a particularly clean method to achieve that goal. In the second and more crucial phase of this history, four separate but related disciplines introduced randomized control trials within a few years of one another in the 1920s: agricultural science, clinical medicine, educational psychology, and social policy (specifically political science). Randomized control trials brought more rigor to fields that were in the process of expanding their purviews and focusing more on causal relationships. In the third phase, the 1950s through the 1970s saw a surge of interest in more applied randomized experiments in economics and elsewhere, in the lab and especially in the field.
Field Experiment --- Lab Experiment --- Randomization --- RCT --- Selection Bias
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This paper provides an overview of the various ways in which mixing qualitative and quantitative methods could add value to monitoring and evaluating development projects. In particular it examines how qualitative methods could address some of the limitations of randomized trials and other quantitative impact evaluation methods; it also explores the importance of examining "process" in addition to "impact", distinguishing design from implementation failures, and the value of mixed methods in the real-time monitoring of projects. It concludes by suggesting topics for future research - including the use of mixed methods in constructing counterfactuals, and in conducting reasonable evaluations within severe time and budget constraints.
Counterfactual --- Econometric analysis --- Education --- Evaluation methods --- Experimental design --- Flexibility --- Impact evaluation --- Instrumental variables --- Intervention --- Key informant interviews --- Poverty Impact Evaluation --- Poverty Monitoring & Analysis --- Poverty Reduction --- PRA --- Program interventions --- Programs --- Project beneficiaries --- Project evaluation --- Project impacts --- Qualitative methods --- Quantitative evaluation --- Quantitative methods --- Science and Technology Development --- Science Education --- Scientific Research & Science Parks --- Selection bias --- Statistical & Mathematical Sciences --- Treatment effects
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In 2007, the General Statistics Office (GSO) launched a joint research program with the French Institute of Research for Development (IRD), to measure and analyzes the informal sector in Vietnam. Two kinds of surveys were conducted in 2007: a national Labour Force Survey (LFS), which, in a first for Vietnam, classified labour by institutional sector, separating out the informal sector; two specific surveys, in Hanoi and Ho Chi Minh City (HCMC), which were grafted onto the LFS2007 to find out more about the characteristics of Household Businesses (HBs) in general and especially the informal sector. These surveys have been extensively analyzed, and the full results edited in a book. Two years later, this successful experience has been re-conducted, with the additional objectives to consolidate the methodology and to assess the impact of the global crisis on the labour market in general and the informal economy in particular. This paper presents the main findings (both methodological and analytical) of these two rounds of surveys as regards the informal sector in Hanoi and HCMC. In the context of the global crisis, it looks at the dynamics of the informal sector between 2007 and 2009. Taking advantage of this unique survey protocol, the first part investigates the macro dynamics comparing the two representative cross sections, while the second focuses on the micro dynamics drawn from the panel component. Transitions between formal and informal sector are explored. The third part aims at analyzing the perception of HBs' heads to assess the impact of the crisis. Then, the last section explores the changes as regards the problems faced by HBs, their interaction with the state and their outlook. In the conclusion, the author determines some of the implications of the findings in terms of economic policies. This report can be usefully complemented by two companion papers: the first one presents the adjustment of the labour market and the informal economy nationwide, based on the LFS2007 and 2009; the second one is a policy brief on the impact of the crisis on the informal sector in Hanoi and HCMC.
Agriculture --- Business Environment --- Capacity Building --- Collateral --- Debt --- Developing Countries --- Employment and Unemployment --- Gdp --- Health Education --- Household Income --- Income Distribution --- Informal Sector --- Insurance --- Labor Market --- Labor Markets --- Poverty Assessment --- Poverty Impact Evaluation --- Poverty Monitoring & analysis --- Poverty Reduction --- Public Policy --- Savings --- Selection Bias --- Social Protections and Labor --- Technical Training --- Temporary Workers --- Transparency --- Unemployment --- Wages --- Workers --- Working Hours
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This paper provides an overview of the various ways in which mixing qualitative and quantitative methods could add value to monitoring and evaluating development projects. In particular it examines how qualitative methods could address some of the limitations of randomized trials and other quantitative impact evaluation methods; it also explores the importance of examining "process" in addition to "impact", distinguishing design from implementation failures, and the value of mixed methods in the real-time monitoring of projects. It concludes by suggesting topics for future research - including the use of mixed methods in constructing counterfactuals, and in conducting reasonable evaluations within severe time and budget constraints.
Counterfactual --- Econometric analysis --- Education --- Evaluation methods --- Experimental design --- Flexibility --- Impact evaluation --- Instrumental variables --- Intervention --- Key informant interviews --- Poverty Impact Evaluation --- Poverty Monitoring & Analysis --- Poverty Reduction --- PRA --- Program interventions --- Programs --- Project beneficiaries --- Project evaluation --- Project impacts --- Qualitative methods --- Quantitative evaluation --- Quantitative methods --- Science and Technology Development --- Science Education --- Scientific Research & Science Parks --- Selection bias --- Statistical & Mathematical Sciences --- Treatment effects
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This study aims to identify how selection bias might occur when Medicare-eligible Department of Defense beneficiaries are enrolled in the Federal Employees Health Benefits Program. It suggests an analytic approach to estimate the effects of selection on Department of Defense costs.
Discrimination. --- Discrimination - United States. --- Government employees' health insurance. --- Insurance, Government employees. --- Government employees' health insurance --- Discrimination --- Medicare Part B --- Insurance Selection Bias --- Insurance --- Medicare --- Legislation as Topic --- Medical Assistance --- Financing, Organized --- Insurance, Health --- Social Control, Formal --- Public Assistance --- Health Care Economics and Organizations --- Economics --- Financing, Government --- Health Care --- Federal Employees Health Benefits Program (U.S.) --- United States. --- Officials and employees --- Health and hygiene. --- Insurance requirements.
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• Applications of Information Theory to Epidemiology collects recent research findings on the analysis of diagnostic information and epidemic dynamics. • The collection includes an outstanding new review article by William Benish, providing both a historical overview and new insights. • In research articles, disease diagnosis and disease dynamics are viewed from both clinical medicine and plant pathology perspectives. Both theory and applications are discussed. • New theory is presented, particularly in the area of diagnostic decision-making taking account of predictive values, via developments of the predictive receiver operating characteristic curve. • New applications of information theory to the analysis of observational studies of disease dynamics in both human and plant populations are presented.
Research & information: general --- Biology, life sciences --- Ebola model --- Caputo derivative --- Caputo-Fabrizio derivative --- Atangana-Baleanu derivative --- numerical results --- entropy --- information theory --- multiple diagnostic tests --- mutual information --- relative entropy --- balance --- Jensen-Shannon divergence --- observational study --- selection bias --- probability --- forecast --- likelihood ratio --- positive predictive value --- negative predictive value --- diagnostic information --- Shannon entropy --- epidemic model --- transient behavior --- vaccination and treatment intervention controls --- diagnostic test --- evaluation --- ROC curve --- PROC curve --- binormal --- prevalence --- Bayes' rule --- leaf plot --- expected mutual information --- predictive ROC curve --- PV-ROC curve --- SS-ROC curve --- SS/PV-ROC plot --- empirical --- urinary bladder cancer --- sensitivity --- specificity --- HIV/AIDS epidemic --- regression model --- Newton-Raphson procedure --- Fisher scoring algorithm --- time series --- early detection --- Asiatic citrus canker --- latent class --- field diagnostic --- scent signature --- direct assay --- deployment --- average mutual information --- stochastic processes --- deterministic dynamics --- Ebola model --- Caputo derivative --- Caputo-Fabrizio derivative --- Atangana-Baleanu derivative --- numerical results --- entropy --- information theory --- multiple diagnostic tests --- mutual information --- relative entropy --- balance --- Jensen-Shannon divergence --- observational study --- selection bias --- probability --- forecast --- likelihood ratio --- positive predictive value --- negative predictive value --- diagnostic information --- Shannon entropy --- epidemic model --- transient behavior --- vaccination and treatment intervention controls --- diagnostic test --- evaluation --- ROC curve --- PROC curve --- binormal --- prevalence --- Bayes' rule --- leaf plot --- expected mutual information --- predictive ROC curve --- PV-ROC curve --- SS-ROC curve --- SS/PV-ROC plot --- empirical --- urinary bladder cancer --- sensitivity --- specificity --- HIV/AIDS epidemic --- regression model --- Newton-Raphson procedure --- Fisher scoring algorithm --- time series --- early detection --- Asiatic citrus canker --- latent class --- field diagnostic --- scent signature --- direct assay --- deployment --- average mutual information --- stochastic processes --- deterministic dynamics
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• Applications of Information Theory to Epidemiology collects recent research findings on the analysis of diagnostic information and epidemic dynamics. • The collection includes an outstanding new review article by William Benish, providing both a historical overview and new insights. • In research articles, disease diagnosis and disease dynamics are viewed from both clinical medicine and plant pathology perspectives. Both theory and applications are discussed. • New theory is presented, particularly in the area of diagnostic decision-making taking account of predictive values, via developments of the predictive receiver operating characteristic curve. • New applications of information theory to the analysis of observational studies of disease dynamics in both human and plant populations are presented.
Ebola model --- Caputo derivative --- Caputo–Fabrizio derivative --- Atangana–Baleanu derivative --- numerical results --- entropy --- information theory --- multiple diagnostic tests --- mutual information --- relative entropy --- balance --- Jensen–Shannon divergence --- observational study --- selection bias --- probability --- forecast --- likelihood ratio --- positive predictive value --- negative predictive value --- diagnostic information --- Shannon entropy --- epidemic model --- transient behavior --- vaccination and treatment intervention controls --- diagnostic test --- evaluation --- ROC curve --- PROC curve --- binormal --- prevalence --- Bayes’ rule --- leaf plot --- expected mutual information --- predictive ROC curve --- PV-ROC curve --- SS-ROC curve --- SS/PV-ROC plot --- empirical --- urinary bladder cancer --- sensitivity --- specificity --- HIV/AIDS epidemic --- regression model --- Newton–Raphson procedure --- Fisher scoring algorithm --- time series --- early detection --- Asiatic citrus canker --- latent class --- field diagnostic --- scent signature --- direct assay --- deployment --- average mutual information --- stochastic processes --- deterministic dynamics --- n/a --- Caputo-Fabrizio derivative --- Atangana-Baleanu derivative --- Jensen-Shannon divergence --- Bayes' rule --- Newton-Raphson procedure
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Why do some civil wars end in successfully implemented peace settlements while others are fought to the finish? Numerous competing theories address this question. Yet not until now has a study combined the historical sweep, empirical richness, and conceptual rigor necessary to put them thoroughly to the test and draw lessons invaluable to students, scholars, and policymakers. Wallter examens conflicts from Greece to Laos, China to Columbia, Bosnia to Rwanda
Politique mondiale --- Conflits de basse intensite --- Guerre civile. --- Addis Ababa agreement (1993). --- Afghanistan. --- American Civil War. --- Angola. --- Arusha accords. --- Baumhoegger, Goswin. --- Boutros-Ghali, Boutros. --- Callaghan, James. --- El Salvador. --- Geneva peace agreement. --- Habyarimana, Juvénal. --- Johnson, Phyllis. --- Karker, Hassame. --- King, Charles. --- Lancaster House negotiations. --- Laos. --- Lebanon. --- Nicaragua. --- Rhodesian Front. --- Tela agreement. --- Touval, Saadia. --- United Nations. --- University of Michigan. --- Victoria Falls Conference. --- Young, Andrew. --- Zambia. --- autonomous regions. --- balance of power. --- cease-fire agreements. --- costs of war. --- credible commitment theory. --- democracy-autocracy scale. --- divisibility of stakes. --- ethics of intervention. --- federalism. --- hegemony. --- hypotheses. --- logit analysis. --- mediation. --- military consolidation. --- monitoring and verification. --- multivariate regression analysis. --- one-party rule. --- parliamentary system. --- partition. --- political pacts. --- power-sharing pacts. --- presidential system. --- proportional representation. --- selection bias probit. --- simulation procedure. --- three-stage process. --- Civil war --- Low-intensity conflicts (Military science) --- World politics
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Econometric Modeling provides a new and stimulating introduction to econometrics, focusing on modeling. The key issue confronting empirical economics is to establish sustainable relationships that are both supported by data and interpretable from economic theory. The unified likelihood-based approach of this book gives students the required statistical foundations of estimation and inference, and leads to a thorough understanding of econometric techniques. David Hendry and Bent Nielsen introduce modeling for a range of situations, including binary data sets, multiple regression, and cointe.
Econometric models. --- Econometrics. --- Accuracy and precision. --- Asymptotic distribution. --- Autocorrelation. --- Autoregressive conditional heteroskedasticity. --- Autoregressive model. --- Bayesian statistics. --- Bayesian. --- Bernoulli distribution. --- Bias of an estimator. --- Calculation. --- Central limit theorem. --- Chow test. --- Cointegration. --- Conditional expectation. --- Conditional probability distribution. --- Confidence interval. --- Confidence region. --- Correlation and dependence. --- Correlogram. --- Count data. --- Cross-sectional data. --- Cross-sectional regression. --- Distribution function. --- Dummy variable (statistics). --- Econometric model. --- Empirical distribution function. --- Equation. --- Error term. --- Estimation. --- Estimator. --- Exogeny. --- Exploratory data analysis. --- F-distribution. --- F-test. --- Fair coin. --- Forecast error. --- Forecasting. --- Granger causality. --- Heteroscedasticity. --- Inference. --- Instrumental variable. --- Joint probability distribution. --- Law of large numbers. --- Least absolute deviations. --- Least squares. --- Likelihood function. --- Likelihood-ratio test. --- Linear regression. --- Logistic regression. --- Lucas critique. --- Marginal distribution. --- Markov process. --- Mathematical optimization. --- Maximum likelihood estimation. --- Model selection. --- Monte Carlo method. --- Moving-average model. --- Multiple correlation. --- Multivariate normal distribution. --- Nonparametric regression. --- Normal distribution. --- Normality test. --- One-Tailed Test. --- Opportunity cost. --- Orthogonalization. --- P-value. --- Parameter. --- Partial correlation. --- Poisson regression. --- Probability. --- Probit model. --- Quantile. --- Quantity. --- Quasi-likelihood. --- Random variable. --- Regression analysis. --- Residual sum of squares. --- Round-off error. --- Seemingly unrelated regressions. --- Selection bias. --- Simple linear regression. --- Skewness. --- Standard deviation. --- Standard error. --- Stationary process. --- Statistic. --- Student's t-test. --- Sufficient statistic. --- Summary statistics. --- T-statistic. --- Test statistic. --- Time series. --- Type I and type II errors. --- Unit root test. --- Unit root. --- Utility. --- Variable (mathematics). --- Variance. --- Vector autoregression. --- White test.
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How society's undervaluing of life puts all of us at risk-and the groundbreaking economic measure that can fix itLike it or not, sometimes we need to put a monetary value on people's lives. In the past, government agencies used the financial "cost of death" to monetize the mortality risks of regulatory policies, but this method vastly undervalued life. Pricing Lives tells the story of how the government came to adopt an altogether different approach--the value of a statistical life, or VSL-and persuasively shows how its more widespread use could create a safer and more equitable society for everyone.In the 1980s, W. Kip Viscusi used the method to demonstrate that the benefits of requiring businesses to label hazardous chemicals immensely outweighed the costs. VSL is the risk-reward trade-off that people make about their health when considering risky job choices. With it, Viscusi calculated how much more money workers would demand to take on hazardous jobs, boosting calculated benefits by an order of magnitude. His current estimate of the value of a statistical life is
Hazardous occupations. --- Age and employment. --- Life --- Employment and age --- Employment (Economic theory) --- Ability, Influence of age on --- Child labor --- Post-retirement employment --- Dangerous occupations --- High risk jobs --- High risk occupations --- Injurious occupations --- Occupations, Dangerous --- Occupations --- Valuation --- Economic aspects --- Philosophy --- Adobe. --- Air pollution. --- Attempt. --- Automobile safety. --- Beneficiary. --- Calculation. --- Case study. --- Chemical waste. --- Commodity. --- Consideration. --- Construction. --- Consumer protection. --- Consumer. --- Cost-effectiveness analysis. --- Cost–benefit analysis. --- Damages. --- Determination. --- Deterrence (legal). --- Devaluation. --- Discounts and allowances. --- Dividend. --- Economic efficiency. --- Economics. --- Economist. --- Economy. --- Employment. --- Environmental justice. --- Estimates. --- Estimation. --- Executive order. --- Expenditure. --- Expense. --- Government agency. --- Guideline. --- Hazardous waste. --- Health economics. --- Health effect. --- Hedonic damages. --- Hindsight bias. --- Incentive. --- Income. --- Inherent risk. --- Insurance. --- Legislation. --- Life expectancy. --- Market data. --- Meta-analysis. --- Monetization. --- Motor vehicle. --- National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. --- Occupational Safety and Health Administration. --- Occupational fatality. --- Occupational safety and health. --- Office of Information and Regulatory Affairs. --- Office of Management and Budget. --- Pain and suffering. --- Payment. --- Personal injury. --- Plaintiff. --- Policy analysis. --- Policy debate. --- Policy. --- Present value. --- Price level. --- Pricing. --- Probability. --- Product defect. --- Product design. --- Publication. --- Punitive damages. --- Quantity adjustment. --- Regulation. --- Regulatory Impact Analysis. --- Regulatory agency. --- Requirement. --- Respondent. --- Risk analysis. --- Risk assessment. --- Risk management. --- Risk premium. --- Risk. --- Safety standards. --- Selection bias. --- Shortfall. --- Statistic. --- Superfund. --- Trade-off. --- Uncertainty. --- United States Department of Health and Human Services. --- United States Environmental Protection Agency. --- Utilization. --- Valuation (finance). --- Value (economics). --- Value of life. --- Wage. --- Welfare. --- Well-being. --- Willingness to pay. --- Workers' compensation. --- Year. --- United States. --- AB --- ABSh --- Ameerika Ühendriigid --- America (Republic) --- Amerika Birlăshmish Shtatlary --- Amerika Birlăşmi Ştatları --- Amerika Birlăşmiş Ştatları --- Amerika ka Kelenyalen Jamanaw --- Amerika Qūrama Shtattary --- Amerika Qŭshma Shtatlari --- Amerika Qushma Shtattary --- Amerika (Republic) --- Amerikai Egyesült Államok --- Amerikanʹ Veĭtʹsėndi͡avks Shtattn --- Amerikări Pĕrleshu̇llĕ Shtatsem --- Amerikas Forenede Stater --- Amerikayi Miatsʻyal Nahangner --- Ameriketako Estatu Batuak --- Amirika Carékat --- AQSh --- Ar. ha-B. --- Arhab --- Artsot ha-Berit --- Artzois Ha'bris --- Bí-kok --- Ē.P.A. --- EE.UU. --- Egyesült Államok --- ĒPA --- Estados Unidos --- Estados Unidos da América do Norte --- Estados Unidos de América --- Estaos Xuníos --- Estaos Xuníos d'América --- Estatos Unitos --- Estatos Unitos d'America --- Estats Units d'Amèrica --- Ètats-Unis d'Amèrica --- États-Unis d'Amérique --- Fareyniḳṭe Shṭaṭn --- Feriene Steaten --- Feriene Steaten fan Amearika --- Forente stater --- FS --- Hēnomenai Politeiai Amerikēs --- Hēnōmenes Politeies tēs Amerikēs --- Hiwsisayin Amerikayi Miatsʻeal Tērutʻiwnkʻ --- Istadus Unidus --- Jungtinės Amerikos valstybės --- Mei guo --- Mei-kuo --- Meiguo --- Mî-koet --- Miatsʻyal Nahangner --- Miguk --- Na Stàitean Aonaichte --- NSA --- S.U.A. --- SAD --- Saharat ʻAmērik --- SASht --- Severo-Amerikanskie Shtaty --- Severo-Amerikanskie Soedinennye Shtaty --- Si͡evero-Amerikanskīe Soedinennye Shtaty --- Sjedinjene Američke Države --- Soedinennye Shtaty Ameriki --- Soedinennye Shtaty Severnoĭ Ameriki --- Soedinennye Shtaty Si͡evernoĭ Ameriki --- Spojené obce severoamerick --- Spojené staty americk --- SShA --- Stadoù-Unanet Amerika --- Stáit Aontaithe Mheirice --- Stany Zjednoczone --- Stati Uniti --- Stati Uniti d'America --- Stâts Unîts --- Stâts Unîts di Americhe --- Steatyn Unnaneysit --- Steatyn Unnaneysit America --- SUA --- Sŭedineni amerikanski shtati --- Sŭedinenite shtati --- Tetã peteĩ reko Amérikagua --- U.S. --- U.S.A. --- United States of America --- Unol Daleithiau --- Unol Daleithiau America --- Unuiĝintaj Ŝtatoj de Ameriko --- US --- USA --- Usono --- Vaeinigte Staatn --- Vaeinigte Staatn vo Amerika --- Vereinigte Staaten --- Vereinigte Staaten von Amerika --- Verenigde State van Amerika --- Verenigde Staten --- VS --- VSA --- Wááshindoon Bikéyah Ałhidadiidzooígí --- Wilāyāt al-Muttaḥidah --- Wilāyāt al-Muttaḥidah al-Amirīkīyah --- Wilāyāt al-Muttaḥidah al-Amrīkīyah --- Yhdysvallat --- Yunaeted Stet --- Yunaeted Stet blong Amerika --- ZDA --- Združene države Amerike --- Zʹi͡ednani Derz͡havy Ameryky --- Zjadnośone staty Ameriki --- Zluchanyi͡a Shtaty Ameryki --- Zlucheni Derz͡havy --- ZSA --- ABŞ --- Amerikanʹ Veĭtʹsėndi͡avks Shtattnė --- É.-U. --- ÉU --- Saharat ʻAmērikā --- Spojené obce severoamerické --- Spojené staty americké --- Stáit Aontaithe Mheiriceá --- Wááshindoon Bikéyah Ałhidadiidzooígíí
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