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This paper reviews how central banks allocate seigniorage, based on systematic crosscountry comparisons of their financial accounts. Central banks are classified as weak or strong, depending upon their structural profitability. Weak central banks typically (although not exclusively) operate in smaller and less wealthy countries, lack independence from their governments, and are burdened by compulsory transfers and low capital. Their operating expenditures, nonperforming assets, international reserve carrying costs, and international reserve accumulation needs are high. Governance appears to be a potential concern in many central banks, both weak and strong, with operating expenditures often adjusting upward for high profitability and capital accumulation adjusting downward for low profitability. The main policy implications are briefly reviewed.

Banks and banking, Central. --- Electronic books. -- local. --- Seigniorage (Finance) -- Econometric models. --- Finance --- Business & Economics --- Banking --- Seigniorage (Finance) --- Econometric models. --- Seigneurage (Finance) --- Seignorage (Finance) --- Banker's banks --- Banks, Central --- Central banking --- Central banks --- Banks and banking --- Banks and Banking --- Macroeconomics --- Money and Monetary Policy --- Public Finance --- Industries: Financial Services --- Central Banks and Their Policies --- Banks --- Depository Institutions --- Micro Finance Institutions --- Mortgages --- Structure, Scope, and Performance of Government --- Financial Institutions and Services: General --- Personal Income, Wealth, and Their Distributions --- National Government Expenditures and Related Policies: General --- Monetary Systems --- Standards --- Regimes --- Government and the Monetary System --- Payment Systems --- Monetary Policy --- Public finance & taxation --- Monetary economics --- Distressed institutions --- Personal income --- Expenditure --- Currencies --- Financial institutions --- National accounts --- Money --- International reserves --- Financial services industry --- Income --- Expenditures, Public --- Foreign exchange reserves --- United States

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343.1 <439> --- 336.2.04 <439> --- Money laundering investigation --- -Cash transactions --- -Banks and banking --- -330.05 --- 332.1 --- Agricultural banks --- Banking --- Banking industry --- Commercial banks --- Depository institutions --- Finance --- Financial institutions --- Money --- Criminal investigation --- 336.2.04 <439> Belastingontduiking. Belastingontwijking. Belastingfraude. Belastinghaven. Belastingvlucht--Hongarije --- Belastingontduiking. Belastingontwijking. Belastingfraude. Belastinghaven. Belastingvlucht--Hongarije --- 343.1 <439> Strafvordering --(algemeen)--Hongarije --- Strafvordering --(algemeen)--Hongarije --- Law and legislation --- Records and correspondence --- -Law and legislation --- -Criminal provisions --- AA / International- internationaal --- 333.111.6 --- 333.111.40 --- 336.300 --- Seigniorage (Finance) --- -Debts, Public --- 332.09439 --- Debts, Government --- Government debts --- National debts --- Public debt --- Public debts --- Sovereign debt --- Debt --- Bonds --- Deficit financing --- Seigneurage (Finance) --- Seignorage (Finance) --- Betrekkingen van de centrale banken met de overheid. Voorschotten aan de overheid. Monetaire financiering van de schatkist. --- Gelduitgifte en gelddekking: algemeen. --- Overheidskrediet en rijksschuld: naslagwerken en principes. --- Money market. Capital market --- Betrekkingen van de centrale banken met de overheid. Voorschotten aan de overheid. Monetaire financiering van de schatkist --- Gelduitgifte en gelddekking: algemeen --- Overheidskrediet en rijksschuld: naslagwerken en principes --- -Money market. Capital market --- -Money laundering investigation