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The present Special Issue summarizes the available scientific evidence concerning the nutrients and biomarkers in musculoskeletal diseases linked to the metabolic conditions secondary to COVID-19 confinement, osteoporosis prevention for patients with inflammatory bowel diseases, and the nutritional status in patients with spinal muscular atrophy. Furthermore, it explores the novel findings for experimental animal models of pharmacological agents to improve the regeneration of muscle tissue; acetylcholine spontaneous release located in the neuromuscular junction in mice, secondary to hypercaloric diet supplementation with an increase in spontaneous neurotransmission and the activation of myofascial trigger points associated with myofascial pain syndrome; and myogenic biomarkers in musculoskeletal conditions and gene expression associated with vitamin D and L-cysteine co-supplementation. This Special Issue is edited by a multidisciplinary group comprising the Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, Universidade da Coruña, and Universidad Europea de Madrid.

Humanities --- Social interaction --- COVID-19 --- acute sedentary lifestyle --- step reduction --- positive energy balance --- metabolic consequences --- insulin resistance --- metabolic syndrome --- sarcopenia --- bowel diseases --- diet --- osteoporosis --- bone density --- nutrients --- muscle unloading --- muscle reloading --- sirtuin-1 --- muscle progenitor cells --- activated satellite cells --- quiescent satellite cells --- muscle regeneration markers --- electromyography --- high-fat diet --- myofascial pain syndrome --- obesity --- spontaneous neurotransmission --- vitamin D deficiency --- l-cysteine --- glutathione --- myogenic markers --- dystrophy markers --- skeletal muscle --- spinal muscular atrophy --- metabolomics --- nutrition --- therapeutics --- biomarkers --- n/a

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The present Special Issue summarizes the available scientific evidence concerning the nutrients and biomarkers in musculoskeletal diseases linked to the metabolic conditions secondary to COVID-19 confinement, osteoporosis prevention for patients with inflammatory bowel diseases, and the nutritional status in patients with spinal muscular atrophy. Furthermore, it explores the novel findings for experimental animal models of pharmacological agents to improve the regeneration of muscle tissue; acetylcholine spontaneous release located in the neuromuscular junction in mice, secondary to hypercaloric diet supplementation with an increase in spontaneous neurotransmission and the activation of myofascial trigger points associated with myofascial pain syndrome; and myogenic biomarkers in musculoskeletal conditions and gene expression associated with vitamin D and L-cysteine co-supplementation. This Special Issue is edited by a multidisciplinary group comprising the Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, Universidade da Coruña, and Universidad Europea de Madrid.

COVID-19 --- acute sedentary lifestyle --- step reduction --- positive energy balance --- metabolic consequences --- insulin resistance --- metabolic syndrome --- sarcopenia --- bowel diseases --- diet --- osteoporosis --- bone density --- nutrients --- muscle unloading --- muscle reloading --- sirtuin-1 --- muscle progenitor cells --- activated satellite cells --- quiescent satellite cells --- muscle regeneration markers --- electromyography --- high-fat diet --- myofascial pain syndrome --- obesity --- spontaneous neurotransmission --- vitamin D deficiency --- l-cysteine --- glutathione --- myogenic markers --- dystrophy markers --- skeletal muscle --- spinal muscular atrophy --- metabolomics --- nutrition --- therapeutics --- biomarkers --- n/a

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People living in both developed and developing countries face serious health challenges related to sedentary lifestyles. It is therefore essential to find new ways to improve health so that people can live longer and can age well. With an ever-growing number of smart sensing systems developed and deployed across the globe, experts are primed to help coach people toward healthier behaviors. The increasing accountability associated with app- and device-based behavior tracking not only provides timely and personalized information and support but also gives us an incentive to set goals and to do more. This book presents some of the recent efforts made towards automatic and autonomous identification and coaching of troublesome behaviors to procure lasting, beneficial behavioral changes.

Technology: general issues --- activity recognition --- wearable devices --- inertial sensors --- Bluetooth beacons --- machine learning --- e-coaching --- m-health intervention --- personalization --- healthy lifestyle --- physical activity --- tangible user interface --- affordance --- multimodal cueing --- animate objects --- activities of daily living --- human activity recognition --- context-awareness --- Bayesian network --- mobile application --- wearable computing --- wrist-worn heart rate devices --- cardiac rehabilitation --- real-time wearable monitoring --- fuzzy logic --- fuzzy linguistic approach --- m-health --- remote coaching --- telemonitoring --- telehealth --- cadence --- marathon --- elevation change analysis --- personalized assistance level --- coaching --- electric bicycles --- ubiquitous computing --- health --- human-centered computing --- digital coaching --- diabetes education --- serious gaming --- self-management --- user evaluations --- sedentary lifestyle --- context recognition --- unhealthy sitting habits --- wearable sensors --- smartphones --- smart objects --- behavior change

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Calcium is the main mineral in the body, involved in a variety of structural and functional roles. The maintenance of calcium homeostasis is perhaps the most studied function of vitamin D. This Special Issue of Nutrients, “Calcium, Vitamin D and Health” contains 12 original publications and two reviews investigating the contribution of (mainly) vitamin D and calcium on relevant health outcomes in a variety of populations, which reflect the evolving and broad interest of researchers on this topic.

Humanities --- Social interaction --- Vitamin D --- females --- exercise --- sedentary lifestyle --- nutrition --- elderly --- vitamin D --- depression --- depressive symptoms --- Mendelian randomization --- cyclists --- adolescence --- bone turnover --- osteocalcin --- dietary calcium intake --- adolescent boys --- adiposity --- percentage of body fat --- insulin resistance --- adipocytokines --- type 1 diabetes --- type 2 diabetes --- metabolic syndrome --- autoimmune --- children --- cancer --- vitamin D metabolites --- vitamin D supplementation --- vitamin D metabolite ratio --- randomized controlled trial --- 24,25-dihydroxy vitamin D --- calcitriol --- body mass index --- lean mass --- fat mass --- bone mineral density --- postmenopausal women --- obesity --- macronutrients --- sunlight --- physical activity --- season --- body composition --- strength --- bone health --- mediation --- childhood --- enriched food --- child --- cholecalciferol --- ergocalciferols --- dairy products --- multiple sclerosis --- fibroblast growth factor 23 --- vitamin D binding protein --- hypovitaminosis D --- 25-hydroxyvitamin D --- postherpetic neuralgia --- spontaneous pain --- brush-evoked pain --- varicella-zoster virus immunoglobulin --- DN4questionnaire --- vitamin D deficiency --- vitamin D supplements --- weight loss --- low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol --- high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol --- triglycerides (TG) --- blood pressure --- n/a --- athletic performance --- 25(OH)D --- supplementation --- deficiency --- athlete

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Calcium is the main mineral in the body, involved in a variety of structural and functional roles. The maintenance of calcium homeostasis is perhaps the most studied function of vitamin D. This Special Issue of Nutrients, “Calcium, Vitamin D and Health” contains 12 original publications and two reviews investigating the contribution of (mainly) vitamin D and calcium on relevant health outcomes in a variety of populations, which reflect the evolving and broad interest of researchers on this topic.

Vitamin D --- females --- exercise --- sedentary lifestyle --- nutrition --- elderly --- vitamin D --- depression --- depressive symptoms --- Mendelian randomization --- cyclists --- adolescence --- bone turnover --- osteocalcin --- dietary calcium intake --- adolescent boys --- adiposity --- percentage of body fat --- insulin resistance --- adipocytokines --- type 1 diabetes --- type 2 diabetes --- metabolic syndrome --- autoimmune --- children --- cancer --- vitamin D metabolites --- vitamin D supplementation --- vitamin D metabolite ratio --- randomized controlled trial --- 24,25-dihydroxy vitamin D --- calcitriol --- body mass index --- lean mass --- fat mass --- bone mineral density --- postmenopausal women --- obesity --- macronutrients --- sunlight --- physical activity --- season --- body composition --- strength --- bone health --- mediation --- childhood --- enriched food --- child --- cholecalciferol --- ergocalciferols --- dairy products --- multiple sclerosis --- fibroblast growth factor 23 --- vitamin D binding protein --- hypovitaminosis D --- 25-hydroxyvitamin D --- postherpetic neuralgia --- spontaneous pain --- brush-evoked pain --- varicella-zoster virus immunoglobulin --- DN4questionnaire --- vitamin D deficiency --- vitamin D supplements --- weight loss --- low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol --- high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol --- triglycerides (TG) --- blood pressure --- n/a --- athletic performance --- 25(OH)D --- supplementation --- deficiency --- athlete