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Why have the training opportunities for students of the German Hauptschule - the secondary school with the lowest level of graduation possible in Germany - changed since the 1950s? The author does not focus the explanation on young people, to whom deficits are often ascribed. Instead, she examines the role of employers in the segmentation of the training market and the increasing restriction of career opportunities. Dem viel gelobten deutschen Ausbildungssystem ist die Passgenauigkeit abhanden gekommen. Viele Lehrstellen bleiben offen, ein drohender Fachkräftemangel wird angemahnt. Warum haben Hauptschülerinnen und Hauptschüler heute nur geringe Chancen auf dem Ausbildungsmarkt, obwohl ihnen doch die demografische Entwicklung zugutekommen müsste? Die Autorin wendet soziologische und ökonomische Theorieansätze auf den Wandel beruflicher Chancen an, entwickelt diese weiter und prüft sie mittels eines Mixed-Method-Designs. Analysen quantitativer Längsschnittdaten werden ins Verhältnis zu qualitativen Auswertungen von Ausbildungsordnungen sowie Experteninterviews mit Personalverantwortlichen gesetzt. ...Die Autorin setzt den Fokus der Erklärungen nicht auf die Jugendlichen, denen häufig Defizite zugeschrieben werden. Stattdessen beleuchtet sie die Rolle der Arbeitgeberseite bei der Segmentierung des Ausbildungsmarktes und der zunehmenden Einschränkung der beruflichen Chancen. AOL-Bücherbrief 33/2014

Primary & middle schools --- Labor market --- Occupational training --- Ausbildungsmarkt --- berufliche Bildung --- Hauptschule --- secondary schooling --- social inequality --- soziale Ungleichheit --- Training market --- vocational training

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With an estimated 115 million children not attending primary school in the developing world, increasing access to education is critical. Resource constraints limit the effectiveness of demand-based subsidies. This paper focuses on the importance of a supply-side factor-the availability of low-cost teachers-and the resulting ability of the market to offer affordable education. The authors first show that private schools are three times more likely to emerge in villages with government girls' secondary schools (GSS). Identification is obtained by using official school construction guidelines as an instrument for the presence of GSS. In contrast, there is little or no relationship between the presence of a private school and girls' primary or boys' primary and secondary government schools. In support of a supply-channel, the authors then show that, for villages that received a GSS, there are over twice as many educated women and that private school teachers' wages are 27 percent lower in these villages. In an environment with poor female education and low mobility, GSS substantially increase the local supply of skilled women lowering wages locally and allowing the market to offer affordable education. These findings highlight the prominent role of women as teachers in facilitating educational access and resonate with similar historical evidence from developed economies. The students of today are the teachers of tomorrow.

Education For All --- Primary Education --- Private Schools --- Public Sector Development --- Secondary Education --- Secondary Schooling --- Social Development --- Teacher Labor Supply --- Teaching and Learning --- Tertiary Education

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With an estimated 115 million children not attending primary school in the developing world, increasing access to education is critical. Resource constraints limit the effectiveness of demand-based subsidies. This paper focuses on the importance of a supply-side factor-the availability of low-cost teachers-and the resulting ability of the market to offer affordable education. The authors first show that private schools are three times more likely to emerge in villages with government girls' secondary schools (GSS). Identification is obtained by using official school construction guidelines as an instrument for the presence of GSS. In contrast, there is little or no relationship between the presence of a private school and girls' primary or boys' primary and secondary government schools. In support of a supply-channel, the authors then show that, for villages that received a GSS, there are over twice as many educated women and that private school teachers' wages are 27 percent lower in these villages. In an environment with poor female education and low mobility, GSS substantially increase the local supply of skilled women lowering wages locally and allowing the market to offer affordable education. These findings highlight the prominent role of women as teachers in facilitating educational access and resonate with similar historical evidence from developed economies. The students of today are the teachers of tomorrow.

Education For All --- Primary Education --- Private Schools --- Public Sector Development --- Secondary Education --- Secondary Schooling --- Social Development --- Teacher Labor Supply --- Teaching and Learning --- Tertiary Education

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This paper estimates the impacts of secondary school on human capital, occupational choice, and fertility for young adults in Kenya. The probability of admission to government secondary school rises sharply at a score close to the national mean on a standardized 8th grade examination, permitting the estimation of causal effects of schooling in a regression discontinuity framework. The analysis combines administrative test score data with a recent survey of young adults to estimate these impacts. The results show that secondary schooling increases human capital, as measured by performance on cognitive tests included in the survey. For men, there is a drop in the probability of low-skill self-employment, as well as suggestive evidence of a rise in the probability of formal employment. The opportunity to attend secondary school also reduces teen pregnancy among women.

Academic year --- Adults --- Average schooling --- Basic education --- Catholic schools --- Childbearing --- Class size --- Class-size --- Cognitive performance --- Cognitive test --- Development goals --- Development policy --- Disasters --- District education --- Early marriage --- Educated parents --- Education --- Education for all --- Education investments --- Education offices --- Education policy --- Education system --- Educational attainment --- Educational participation --- Effects of education --- Examination --- Fees --- Female education --- Female schooling --- Fertility --- First births --- First child --- Free primary education --- Gender parity --- Girls' schools --- Grade repetition --- Health, nutrition and population --- High school --- HIV --- Human capital --- Human capital accumulation --- Human development --- Impact of education --- Infant --- Infant health --- Labor market --- Labor markets --- Learning --- Learning outcomes --- Level of education --- Literacy --- Low-income country --- Marriage --- Millennium development goals --- Mother --- National boundaries --- National schools --- Natural disasters --- Number of schools --- Number of students --- Older men --- Parents' education --- Policies --- Policy --- Policy change --- Policy discussions --- Policy research --- Policy research working paper --- Population --- Population growth --- Population policies --- Populations --- Pregnancies --- Pregnancy --- Pregnancy by age --- Primary education --- Primary education policy --- Primary education system --- Primary school --- Primary school leaving examination --- Primary schooling --- Primary schools --- Private schools --- Private secondary schools --- Progress --- Public examination system --- Public schools --- Public services --- Publishers --- Rates of population --- Respect --- Returns to education --- Rural areas --- School --- School administrators --- School attendance --- School completion --- School construction --- School enrollment --- School entry --- School fees --- School leaders --- School leaving examination --- School participation --- School quality --- Schooling --- Schools --- Secondary education --- Secondary school --- Secondary schooling --- Secondary schools --- Sex --- Sexual behavior --- Skills --- Spouse --- Student achievement --- Students --- Teachers --- Teen --- Teen pregnancy --- Teens --- Tertiary education --- Textbooks --- Universal primary education --- Urban centers --- Values --- Vocational education --- Vocational schools --- War --- Women --- Young adults --- Young men --- Young women

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Parents and students from different socioeconomic backgrounds value differently school characteristics, but the reasons behind this preference heterogeneity are not well understood. In the context of the centralized school assignment system in Mexico City, this study analyzes how a large household income shock affects choices over high school tracks exploiting the discontinuity in the assignment of the welfare program Oportunidades. The income shock significantly increases the probability of choosing the vocational track vis-a-vis the other more academic-oriented tracks. The findings suggest that the transfer relaxes the financial constraints that prevent relatively low-ability students from choosing the schooling option with higher labor market returns.

Academic ability --- Academic achievement --- Academic quality --- Academic year --- Access to university --- Achievement --- Achievement standards --- Assignment mechanism --- Average treatment effect --- Career --- College --- College education --- Curriculum --- Dropout rate --- Economic development --- Economics of education --- Education --- Education for all --- Education institutions --- Education level --- Education programs --- Educational modalities --- Educational outcomes --- Effective schools & teachers --- Elite schools --- Employment --- Enrollment --- Ethnic composition --- Exam --- Fees --- Geographic distribution --- Grade levels --- Graduate --- Graduation rate --- Grants --- High school --- High school level --- High school students --- High schools --- Higher education --- Human capital --- Information technology --- ITS --- Labor markets --- Learning --- LET --- Literature --- Low-income students --- Lower secondary --- Lower secondary school --- Middle school --- Middle schools --- Ministry of education --- Mobility --- Number of students --- Number of students per teacher --- Open access --- Parental education --- Pedagogical methods --- Primary education --- Public education --- Public school --- Public schools --- Returns to education --- Scholarships --- School attendance --- School census --- School completion --- School curriculum --- School days --- School facilities --- School infrastructure --- School level --- School principals --- School program --- School programs --- School quality --- School students --- School supplies --- School vouchers --- School year --- Schooling --- Secondary education --- Secondary enrollment --- Secondary school --- Secondary schooling --- Skills --- Statistics --- Student ability --- Students --- Students per teacher --- Study --- Teacher --- Teachers --- Technical education --- Technical schools --- Technical track --- Tertiary education --- Tertiary level --- Test scores --- Training --- Tuition --- Tuition costs --- Tuition fees --- University --- University degree --- University programs --- Upper secondary --- Upper secondary education --- Upper secondary level --- Vocational education --- Vocational school --- Vocational schools --- Vouchers --- Workshops