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Major Ghanaian cities are at a critical point that will determine whether they become an engine of or a burden on the country's development. Ghana's urban areas contribute to more than two-thirds of the country's gross national product, and cities will continue to grow rapidly, especially those other than capital cities. Intermediary cities such as Kumasi and Tamale are expected to double their populations by 2030, demonstrating both their importance and their potential for contributing further to economic growth. However, if nothing is done to change the current trends, the cost of congestion and externalities will outweigh any productivity benefits the cities can deliver. Connecting the Dots: People, Jobs, and Social Services in Urban Ghana aims to assess the constraints to accessing jobs and social services in Ghanaian cities, especially those faced by women, low-income groups, people with disabilities, and children, and proposes a path to transform urban mobility and public transport. The report focuses on two intermediary cities-Kumasi and Tamale-as well as on the Greater Accra region. It includes a comprehensive analysis of mobility and accessibility issues and recommends a programmatic phased approach to address these issues. Finally, in the context of COVID-19 (coronavirus), the report analyzes not only major challenges for the urban transport sector, but also opportunities to rethink the role of urban mobility for more inclusive and sustainable growth.

Affordable Transport --- Coronavirus --- COVID-19 --- Informal Transport --- Paratransit --- Secondary Cities --- Urban Accessibility --- Urban Mobility --- Vulnerable Groups

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Much of the urban research focuses on the large metropolitan areas in South Africa. This book assesses spatial planning in the second-tier cities of the country. Secondary cities are vital as they perform essential regional, and in some cases, global economic roles and help to distribute the population of a country more evenly across its surface. Apartheid planning left South African cities fragmented segregated and with low densities. Post-apartheid policies aim to reverse these realities by emphasising integration, higher densities and upgrading. Achieving these aims has been challenging and often the historical patterns continue. The evidence shows that two opposing patterns prevail, namely increased densities and continued urban sprawl. This book presents ten case studies of spatial planning and spatial transformation in secondary cities of South Africa. The book frames these case studies against complexity theory and suggests that the post-apartheid response to apartheid planning represents a linear deviation from history. The ten case studies then reveal how difficult it is for local decision-makers to find appropriate responses and how current responses often result in contradictory results. Often these cities are highly vulnerable and they find it difficult to plan in the context of uncertainty. The book also highlights how these cities find it difficult to stand on their own against the influence of interest groups (property developers, mining companies, traditional authorities, other spheres of government). The main reasons include weak municipal finance statements, the dependence on national and provincial government for capital expenditure, limited investment in infrastructure maintenance, the lack of planning capacity, the inability to implement plans and the unintended and sometimes contrary outcomes of post-apartheid planning policies.

City & town planning - architectural aspects --- Secondary cities --- spatial transformation --- Secondary cities and research and policy in South Africa --- spatial planning --- Post-apartheid spatial policy --- complex spaces --- Complex adaptive systems --- Socioecological systems --- Implications for planning in complex systems --- Adaptive co-evolution --- Collaborative and adaptive planning and leadership --- Urban sprawl --- Gated estates --- Drakenstein Municipality’s spatial problems --- sprawl --- Policy for spatial containment --- Spatial planning for the Limpopo energy hub --- Mining booms and busts --- Settlement planning and housing policy for mining towns --- Infrastructure --- Spatial change --- Spatial transformation and complexity --- Complexity of planning in Mahikeng --- Planning in a difficult space --- Policy and planning frameworks --- Demographics --- Planning for spatial transformation --- Matjhabeng: planning in the face of the Free State Goldfields decline --- Context and changes in Matjhabeng --- Welkom’s economy and global market forces --- Spatial changes in Matjhabeng --- 1990–2013 --- Spatial planning in Matjhabeng: 1994–2018 --- The 2005/2006 spatial development framework --- The 2013 spatial development framework --- The 2015 Matjhabeng by-laws --- Precinct plans --- realistic plans in a situation of economic stagnation --- Mbombela: a growing provincial capital and tourism destination --- Spatial and population change --- Municipal infrastructure --- Main spatial challenges --- Spatial priorities and plans --- N4 Maputo corridor --- Participatory planning --- Balancing urban and rural land development --- Integrated development --- Msunduzi: spatially integrating Kwazulu-Natal’s diverse capital --- the contribution of the spatial development framework to spatial transformation --- Factors affecting spatial change in Polokwane Local Municipality --- Settlement hierarchy --- Corridors and transportation --- Water and sanitation infrastructure --- Spatial planning problems in Rustenburg --- Internal dynamics that hinder spatial transformation --- External dynamics that hinder spatial transformation --- Quality of the spatial development framework and planning process --- Spatial planning and complexity lessons --- Complexity as a lens to assess spatial planning instruments --- Interconnected nodes and car-free transport --- Optimal land use --- Resource custodianship --- Promotion of agriculture and food production --- and preservation of heritage --- Complexity in spatial planning for Stellenbosch Municipality --- complexity theory and spatial change