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Marine heatwaves (MHWs) are discrete warm-water anomalies events occurring in every ocean around the globe, in both coastal and open ocean, having major impacts on ecosystems, fisheries and aquaculture. Although processes leading to MHWs formation are becoming more and more studied since the beginning of the 2010s, the way they interact together to trigger MHWs remains not fully understood. Nevertheless, their link to human-induced global warming tends to be certain. The southern part of Chile (41°5’S - 56°S) is characterized by fjord ecosystems already experiencing global warming consequences, whether large-scale or local climate modifications. However, to the best of our knowledge, MHWs occurrence in Southern Chile has never been subject to studies, despite the fjord ecosystem’s vulnerability to climate warming. Therefore, we assessed a global analysis of the MHWs that have occurred between 1982 and 2020 along Central and South coastal Chile, from 29°S to 55°S. We found that the last decade was record-breaking in terms of duration, intensity and occurrence of MHWs. In 2016, succession of MHWs during austral autumn, winter and spring lead to the formation of the longest (148 days, almost 5 months) and most extreme events (2.25°C above the climatology) ever recorded along Chile between 1982 and 2020. Those events were due to the advection of warm-waters anomalies coming from the open ocean and combination of persisting high pressure system with lower winds having led to reduced heat transfer from the ocean to the atmosphere. In addition, a global context of positive phases of El Niño Southern Oscillation and Southern Annular Mode contributed to the MHWs formation. Les vagues de chaleur marine, ou marine heatwaves (MHWs), sont des évènements discrets caractérisés par des eaux anormalement chaudes. Elles se produisent dans tous les océans, que ce soit en milieu côtier ou en pleine mer, et impactent fortement les écosystèmes marins, mais également les pêcheries et l’aquaculture. Bien que les processus menant à la formation de tels évènements soient de plus en plus étudiés depuis le début des années 2010, les interactions qu’ils ont entre eux pour conduire à la formation de MHWs restent encore relativement méconnues. Il est cependant de plus en plus certain que les MHWs sont liées au réchauffement climatique anthropique. Le sud du Chili (41°5’S – 46°S) est constitué d’un ensemble de fjords où les conséquences du réchauffement climatique se font déjà ressentir, que ce soient des modifications climatiques à l’échelle locale ou régionale. Cependant, d’après nos connaissances, il n’y a jamais eu d’étude portant sur les MHWs dans cette région du monde. Par conséquent, nous avons réalisé une étude globale des MHWs qui se sont produites entre 1982 et 2020 le long des côtes du Centre et du Sud du Chili, de 29°S à 55°S. Nous avons trouvé que la dernière décennie a été marquée par des MHWs particulièrement longues et fortes, et qu’elles se sont produites en plus grand nombre. En 2016, plusieurs MHWs se sont succédées de l’automne jusqu’au printemps australs, conduisant à la formation de la plus longue MHW (148 jours) et de la plus extrême (2.25°C au-dessus de la climatologie). Ces MHWs se sont produits suite au transport près des côtes d’eaux anormalement chaudes en provenance du Pacifique extratropical, associées à des hautes pressions stationnaires et une réduction des vents conduisant à une diminution des échanges de chaleur entre l’océan et l’atmosphère, en partie liés à des phases positives de El Niño Southern Oscillation et du Southern Annular Mode.

marine heatwave --- Pacific Ocean --- Patagonia --- Chile --- sea surface temperature --- sea surface temperature anomaly --- SST --- El Niño Southern Oscillation --- Southern Annular Mode --- marine heatwave --- Océan Pacifique --- Patagonie --- Chili --- El Niño Southern Oscillation --- Southern Annular Mode --- SST --- vague de chaleur marine --- Sciences du vivant > Sciences aquatiques & océanologie

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Storm tides, surges, and waves associated with typhoons/tropical cyclones/hurricanes are the most severe threats to coastal zones, nearshore waters, and navigational safety. Therefore, predicting typhoon/tropical cyclone/hurricane-induced storm tides, surges, waves, and coastal erosion is essential for reducing the loss of human life and property and mitigating coastal disasters. There is still a growing demand for novel techniques that could be adopted to resolve the complex physical processes of storm tides, surges, waves, and coastal erosion, even if many studies on the hindcasting/prediction/forecasting of typhoon-driven storm tides, surges, waves, and also morphology evolution have been carried out through numerical models in the last decade. This Special Issue intends to collect the latest studies on storm tide, surge, and wave modeling and analysis utilizing dynamic and statistical models and artificial intelligence approaches to improve our simulating and analytic capabilities and our understanding of storm tides, surges, and waves. Five high-quality papers have been accepted for publication in this Special Issue; these papers cover the application and development of many high-end techniques for storm tides, surges, waves, and on-site investigation of coastal erosion and accretion.

Technology: general issues --- History of engineering & technology --- typhoon wave --- sea surface temperature --- WAVEWATCH-III --- sbPOM --- depth-induced wave breaking --- wave-breaking formulation --- wave-breaking criterion --- shallow nearshore waters --- three-dimensional Bragg resonance --- regular waves --- random waves --- high-order spectral (HOS) method --- Gaussian spectrum --- V-shaped undulating bottom --- multivariate extreme value --- coastal modeling --- SWAN --- SWASH-2DH --- Corsica --- return level --- total water level --- erosion and accretion --- cross-shore profile evolution --- Lanyang River estuary --- limit of estuarine sediment transport --- northeastern coastal waters of Taiwan --- n/a

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Uncertainty quantification (UQ) is a mainstream research topic in applied mathematics and statistics. To identify UQ problems, diverse modern techniques for large and complex data analyses have been developed in applied mathematics, computer science, and statistics. This Special Issue of Mathematics (ISSN 2227-7390) includes diverse modern data analysis methods such as skew-reflected-Gompertz information quantifiers with application to sea surface temperature records, the performance of variable selection and classification via a rank-based classifier, two-stage classification with SIS using a new filter ranking method in high throughput data, an estimation of sensitive attribute applying geometric distribution under probability proportional to size sampling, combination of ensembles of regularized regression models with resampling-based lasso feature selection in high dimensional data, robust linear trend test for low-coverage next-generation sequence data controlling for covariates, and comparing groups of decision-making units in efficiency based on semiparametric regression.

Kullback–Leibler divergence --- geometric distribution --- accuracy --- AUROC --- allele read counts --- mixture model --- low-coverage --- entropy --- gene-expression data --- SCAD --- data envelopment analysis --- LASSO --- high-throughput --- sandwich variance estimator --- adaptive lasso --- semiparametric regression --- ?1 lasso --- Laplacian matrix --- elastic net --- feature selection --- sea surface temperature --- gene expression data --- Skew-Reflected-Gompertz distribution --- lasso --- next-generation sequencing --- BH-FDR --- stochastic frontier model --- ?2 ridge --- geometric mean --- resampling --- Gompertz distribution --- adapative lasso --- group efficiency comparison --- sensitive attribute --- MCP --- probability proportional to size (PPS) sampling --- randomization device --- SIS --- Yennum et al.’s model --- ensembles

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This book covers a broad range of sea surface temperature studies from very different points of view and scales; the SST is observed from very local to regional and oceanic scales. The chapters of this book move from local and remote data sensing validation to local and regional trend analysis, and also give some insight into marine heatwaves and future climate scenarios.

sea surface temperature --- upper ocean heat content --- hurricane intensity --- Northeast Pacific --- Hawaii --- Hurricane Genevieve --- Hurricane Iselle --- Hurricane Julio --- satellite SST --- in situ --- coral reefs --- water temperature --- internal waves --- upwelling --- advection --- climate change --- coral bleaching --- air temperature --- Mann–Kendall test --- Split --- Hvar --- Komiža --- decadal and seasonal SST variation --- East China Shelf Seas --- CMIP5 --- WOA18 --- marine heatwaves --- Eastern Mediterranean Sea --- maximum intensity --- wind stress --- mean sea level pressure --- Red Sea --- marine heat wave --- duration --- frequency --- El Niño --- the NECC --- east of the dateline --- Pacific Ocean --- climate variability --- extreme events --- global climate models --- ecosystems --- n/a --- Mann-Kendall test --- Komiža --- El Niño

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This Special Issue gathers papers reporting research on various aspects of remote sensing of Sea Surface Salinity (SSS) and the use of satellite SSS in oceanography. It includes contributions presenting improvements in empirical or theoretical radiative transfer models; mitigation techniques of external interference such as RFI and land contamination; comparisons and validation of remote sensing products with in situ observations; retrieval techniques for improved coastal SSS monitoring, high latitude SSS and the assessment of ocean interactions with the cryosphere; and data fusion techniques combining SSS with sea surface temperature (SST). New instrument technology for the future of SSS remote sensing is also presented.

n/a --- satellite salinity --- one-dimensional (1D) aperture synthesis radiometer --- smos --- Gulf of Maine --- retrieval errors --- Aquarius --- combined active/passive SSS retrieval algorithm --- ocean surface roughness --- upwelling --- salt transport --- quality assessment --- sea ice --- SMOS --- microwave radiometry --- Arctic Gateways --- Aquarius satellite --- validation --- sea surface temperature --- water transport --- forward model --- river discharge --- sea surface salinity --- remote sensing --- retrieval algorithm --- Water Cycle Observation Mission (WCOM) --- SMAP --- microwave remote sensing --- alboran sea --- surface velocity --- Arctic Ocean --- sea surface salinity (SSS) --- coastal --- brightness temperature (TB) --- interferometric microwave imager (IMI) --- Scotian Shelf --- MICAP --- different instrument configurations --- bias characteristics --- mediterranean sea --- Gulf of Mexico --- calibration --- retroflections --- Arctic ocean --- salinity --- Sea Surface Salinity --- Arctic rivers --- Argo --- data processing --- aquarius --- ocean salinity --- Aquarius Validation Data System (AVDS)