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MARPOL Annex VI regulates the emissions from all ships trading internationally. Ship owners must take actions before the lowest limits come into force. The combined challenges of rising oil prices and increasing regulatory stringency on shipping’s air emissions justify the exploration of feasibilities between compliant technologies. This study focuses on the scrubber technology for large marine engines with which ships can continue to use preferable cheap heavy fuel oil (HFO) without exceeding the emission control limits. It draws on existing technical and economical information about scrubber systems in the market to establish a complete life cycle cost analysis for four vessel types: Containership, passenger ship, Ro-Pax and tanker. 

An investigation of the technology overview, cost data, emission reduction efficiency, impact of installations, operational issues and installation case studies is conducted. Environmental impacts such as wash water discharge, sludge disposal and end-of-life recycling are also addressed. By choosing the marine gas oil (MGO) utilisation as the baseline, the life cycle cost analysis is performed between different types of scrubber system, namely open loop seawater scrubber, closed loop freshwater scrubber, hybrid scrubber and dry scrubber system. 

The life cycle cost analysis results are presented by the net present value (NPV) and the return of investment (ROI) time. Under the assumption of current HFO and MGO price, a positive NPV can be found for every scrubber types subjected to four vessel types with the ROI time ranging from 1to 5 years depending on the operation profile in ECA-SOx.

Life cycle cost analysis, MARPOL Annex VI, scrubber technology, emission control areas, exhaust gas treatment technology, SOx abatement , NOx abatement --- Ingénierie, informatique & technologie > Ingénierie civile

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This Special Issue is aimed at presenting the state of the art of the multidisciplinary science concerning all aspects of volcanic plumes, of relevance to the volcanology, climatology, atmospheric science, and remote sensing communities.

alginate --- gas diffusion method --- bubble-column scrubber --- X-ray diffraction --- phosphorylated chitin --- calcite --- calcium carbonate --- sedimentary model --- composite --- urease --- Amu Darya Basin --- sericin --- aragonite --- ammonia bicarbonate --- capture --- hydrogels --- bacterial extracellular secretion --- MICP --- carbonation --- SEM --- multi-wall carbon nanotubes --- micromechanics --- Lessonia nigrescens --- biomineralization --- Bacillus subtilis --- CO2 --- Sporosarcina pasteurii --- CaCO3 --- mass-transfer coefficient --- hierarchic structure --- main controlling factors --- carbon dioxide --- surface energy --- Callovian-Oxfordian --- contact angle --- potentiometric titration --- xanthan --- cement --- crystallization --- nacre --- reservoir --- electrocrystallization --- alginate --- gas diffusion method --- bubble-column scrubber --- X-ray diffraction --- phosphorylated chitin --- calcite --- calcium carbonate --- sedimentary model --- composite --- urease --- Amu Darya Basin --- sericin --- aragonite --- ammonia bicarbonate --- capture --- hydrogels --- bacterial extracellular secretion --- MICP --- carbonation --- SEM --- multi-wall carbon nanotubes --- micromechanics --- Lessonia nigrescens --- biomineralization --- Bacillus subtilis --- CO2 --- Sporosarcina pasteurii --- CaCO3 --- mass-transfer coefficient --- hierarchic structure --- main controlling factors --- carbon dioxide --- surface energy --- Callovian-Oxfordian --- contact angle --- potentiometric titration --- xanthan --- cement --- crystallization --- nacre --- reservoir --- electrocrystallization

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This Special Issue is aimed at presenting the state of the art of the multidisciplinary science concerning all aspects of volcanic plumes, of relevance to the volcanology, climatology, atmospheric science, and remote sensing communities.

alginate --- gas diffusion method --- bubble-column scrubber --- X-ray diffraction --- phosphorylated chitin --- calcite --- calcium carbonate --- sedimentary model --- composite --- urease --- Amu Darya Basin --- sericin --- aragonite --- ammonia bicarbonate --- capture --- hydrogels --- bacterial extracellular secretion --- MICP --- carbonation --- SEM --- multi-wall carbon nanotubes --- micromechanics --- Lessonia nigrescens --- biomineralization --- Bacillus subtilis --- CO2 --- Sporosarcina pasteurii --- CaCO3 --- mass-transfer coefficient --- hierarchic structure --- main controlling factors --- carbon dioxide --- surface energy --- Callovian-Oxfordian --- contact angle --- potentiometric titration --- xanthan --- cement --- crystallization --- nacre --- reservoir --- electrocrystallization

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The use of renewable energy is an effective solution for the prevention of global warming. On the other hand, environmental plasmas are one of powerful means to solve global environmental problems on nitrogen oxides, (NOx), sulfur oxides (SOx), particulate matter (PM), volatile organic compounds (VOC), and carbon dioxides (CO2) in the atmosphere. By combining both technologies, we can develop an extremely effective environmental improvement technology. Based on this background, a Special Issue of the journal Energies on plasma processes for renewable energy technologies is planned. On the issue, we focus on environment plasma technologies that can effectively utilize renewable electric energy sources, such as photovoltaic power generation, biofuel power generation, wind turbine power generation, etc. However, any latest research results on plasma environmental improvement processes are welcome for submission. We are looking, among others, for papers on the following technical subjects in which either plasma can use renewable energy sources or can be used for renewable energy technologies: Plasma decomposition technology of harmful gases, such as the plasma denitrification method; Plasma removal technology of harmful particles, such as electrostatic precipitation; Plasma decomposition technology of harmful substances in liquid, such as gas–liquid interfacial plasma; Plasma-enhanced flow induction and heat transfer enhancement technologies, such as ionic wind device and plasma actuator; Plasma-enhanced combustion and fuel reforming; Other environment plasma technologies.

wet scrubber --- thermal switch --- n/a --- blade-barrier electrode --- NOx reduction --- woodceramics --- syngas --- re-entrainment phenomena --- agglomeration --- two-stage AC-AC converter --- low-resistivity particle --- PFC --- sodium sulfide --- NOx --- energy efficiency --- marine diesel engine --- combustor --- semiconductor manufacturing --- corona discharge --- thermal arc plasma --- nonthermal plasma --- ignition --- input-parallel and output-series connected inverter --- thermal management --- gas turbine --- ionic wind --- waste cooking oil --- diesel engine --- nanoparticle --- plasma generator --- waste heat --- high-frequency DC-AC inverter --- electrostatic precipitator --- water vapor --- gasification --- ion-induced nucleation --- aftertreatment --- plasma --- collection efficiency

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Bioenergy is renewable energy obtained from biomass—any organic material that has stored sunlight in the form of chemical energy. Biogas is among the biofuels that can be obtained from biomass resources, including biodegradable wastes like manure, sewage sludge, the organic fraction of municipal solid wastes, slaughterhouse waste, crop residues, and more recently lignocellulosic biomass and algae. Within the framework of the circular economy, biogas production from biodegradable waste is particularly interesting, as it helps to save resources while reducing environmental pollution. Besides, lignocellulosic biomass and algae do not compete for arable land with food crops (in contrast with energy crops). Hence, they constitute a novel source of biomass for bioenergy.Biogas plants may involve both high-tech and low-tech digesters, ranging from industrial-scale plants to small-scale farms and even households. They pose an alternative for decentralized bioenergy production in rural areas. Indeed, the biogas produced can be used in heaters, engines, combined heat and power units, and even cookstoves at the household level. Notwithstanding, digesters are considered to be a sustainable technology that can improve the living conditions of farmers by covering energy needs and boosting nutrient recycling. Thanks to their technical, socio-economic, and environmental benefits, rural biogas plants have been spreading around the world since the 1970s, with a large focus on farm-based systems and households. However, several challenges still need to be overcome in order to improve the technology and financial viability.

Mixing --- optimised --- household digester --- Chinese dome digester (CDD) --- self-agitation --- blank --- mixing --- Chinese dome digester --- impeller mixed digester --- unstirred digester --- hydraulically mixed --- total solids (TS) concentration --- plug-flow reactor --- anaerobic digestion --- animal manures --- biogas --- unconfined gas injection mixing --- mixing recirculation --- biomethane potential tests --- Italy --- manure --- energy crops --- agriculture residues --- digestate --- biochemical methane potential --- micro-aeration --- iron --- bioenergy --- H2S scrubber --- methane --- fermentation --- dairy --- poultry --- absorbent --- ammonia --- inhibition --- acclimatization --- trace elements --- anaerobic treatment --- energy assessment --- rural sanitation --- sludge --- wastewater --- agricultural runoff --- biomethane --- biorefinery --- microalgae --- photobioreactor --- pretreatment --- low cost digester --- psychrophilic anaerobic digestion --- thermal behavior --- anaerobic co-digestion --- slaughterhouse wastewater --- synergistic effects --- kinetic modeling --- biodegradability