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Many oceans are currently undergoing rapid changes in environmental conditions such as warming temperature, acidic water condition, coastal hypoxia, etc. These changes could lead to dramatic changes in the biology and ecology of phytoplankton and consequently impact the entire marine ecosystems and global biogeochemical cycles. Marine phytoplankton can be an important indicator for the changes in marine environments and ecosystems since they are major primary producers that consolidate solar energy into various organic matter transferred to marine ecosystems throughout the food-webs. Similarly, the N2 fixers (diazotrophs) are also vulnerable to changing environmental conditions. It has been found that the polar regions can be introduced to diazotrophic activity under warming conditions and the increased N availability can lead to elevated primary productivity. Considering the fundamental roles of phytoplankton in marine ecosystems and global biogeochemical cycles, it is important to understand phytoplankton ecology and N2 fixation as a potential N source in various oceans. This Special Issue provides ecological and biogeochemical baselines in a wide range of geographic study regions for the changes in marine environments and ecosystems driven by global climate changes.

TEP --- TEP-C --- phytoplankton --- chlorophyll a --- POC --- primary production --- Jaran Bay --- particulate organic matter --- biochemical composition --- Chukchi Sea --- Arctic Ocean --- East China Sea --- HPLC --- diatoms --- cyanobacteria --- phytoplankton productivity --- carbon and nitrogen --- stable isotopes --- Kongsfjorden --- Svalbard --- biochemical compositions --- carbohydrates --- proteins --- lipids --- Scrippsiella trochoidea --- Heterosigma akashiwo --- biovolume --- chlorophyll-a --- particulate organic nitrogen --- particulate organic carbon --- South China Sea --- upwelling --- eddy --- diatom --- Trichodesmium --- Rhizosolenia–Richelia --- Prochlorococcus --- Synechococcus --- northwestern Pacific Ocean --- macromolecular composition --- transparent exopolymer particles --- Ross Sea --- polar night --- macromolecules --- Chukchi Shelf --- Canada Basin --- food material --- Bering Sea --- small phytoplankton --- primary productivity --- n/a --- Rhizosolenia-Richelia

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The term “algae” refers to a large diversity of unrelated phylogenetic entities, ranging from picoplanktonic cells to macroalgal kelps. Marine algae are an important primary producer in the marine food chain, responsible for the high primary production of coastal areas, providing food resources in situ for many grazing species of gastropods, peracarid crustaceans, sea urchins or fish. Recent findings indicate that marine environments have rapidly changed due to global warming over the past several decades. This change has led to significant variations in marine algal ecology. For example, a long-term increase in ocean temperatures due to global warming has facilitated the intensification of harmful algal blooms, which adversely impact public health, aquatic organisms, and aquaculture industries. Thus, extensive studies have been conducted, but there is still a gap in our understanding of the variation in their ecology in accordance with future marine environmental changes. To fill this gap, studies on the taxonomy and ecology of marine algae are highly necessary. We have invited algologists to submit research articles that enable us to advance our understanding of the taxonomy and ecology of marine algae. Fourteen papers have been collected so far, which cover different aspects of the taxonomy and ecology of marine algae, including understudied species, interspecific comparisons, and new techniques.

Research & information: general --- Biology, life sciences --- Ulva prolifera --- Bacillus sp. --- allelopathy --- photosynthetic system --- reactive oxygen species (ROS) --- antioxidative system --- Chlorella vulgaris --- cold-tolerant --- PUFAs (polyunsaturated fatty acids) --- calorific value --- Cystoseira --- algal cartography --- abrasion platforms --- SE Mediterranean --- phylogeny supertree --- DNA sequencing --- harmful algal blooms --- brown tide --- life history --- Aureococcus anophagefferens --- resting stage cell --- Karlodinium --- trophic modes --- phagotrophy --- mixotrophy --- Scrippsiella --- resting cyst --- intercalary plate --- precingular plate --- ribotype --- Tetraselmis suecica --- associated bacterial community --- free-living bacteria --- particle associated bacteria --- Bacillus nitratireducens --- fermentation broth --- polyaluminum chloride coagulation (PAC) --- Gymnodinium catenatum --- cysts --- sub-fossil diatom --- sediment --- Suncheonman Bay --- new record --- Bysmatrum --- cyst --- eyespot --- morphology --- lagoon --- new record diatoms --- taxonomic --- ecological --- habitat --- Acrochaetioid --- Colaconema formosanum --- COI-5P --- Endophytic alga --- Nemaliophycidae --- rbcL --- taxonomy --- harmful algae --- molecular detection --- monitoring --- Jeju coastal waters --- Changjiang --- southwestern Yellow Sea --- outbreak mechanisms --- wind anomaly --- n/a

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The term “algae” refers to a large diversity of unrelated phylogenetic entities, ranging from picoplanktonic cells to macroalgal kelps. Marine algae are an important primary producer in the marine food chain, responsible for the high primary production of coastal areas, providing food resources in situ for many grazing species of gastropods, peracarid crustaceans, sea urchins or fish. Recent findings indicate that marine environments have rapidly changed due to global warming over the past several decades. This change has led to significant variations in marine algal ecology. For example, a long-term increase in ocean temperatures due to global warming has facilitated the intensification of harmful algal blooms, which adversely impact public health, aquatic organisms, and aquaculture industries. Thus, extensive studies have been conducted, but there is still a gap in our understanding of the variation in their ecology in accordance with future marine environmental changes. To fill this gap, studies on the taxonomy and ecology of marine algae are highly necessary. We have invited algologists to submit research articles that enable us to advance our understanding of the taxonomy and ecology of marine algae. Fourteen papers have been collected so far, which cover different aspects of the taxonomy and ecology of marine algae, including understudied species, interspecific comparisons, and new techniques.

Research & information: general --- Biology, life sciences --- Ulva prolifera --- Bacillus sp. --- allelopathy --- photosynthetic system --- reactive oxygen species (ROS) --- antioxidative system --- Chlorella vulgaris --- cold-tolerant --- PUFAs (polyunsaturated fatty acids) --- calorific value --- Cystoseira --- algal cartography --- abrasion platforms --- SE Mediterranean --- phylogeny supertree --- DNA sequencing --- harmful algal blooms --- brown tide --- life history --- Aureococcus anophagefferens --- resting stage cell --- Karlodinium --- trophic modes --- phagotrophy --- mixotrophy --- Scrippsiella --- resting cyst --- intercalary plate --- precingular plate --- ribotype --- Tetraselmis suecica --- associated bacterial community --- free-living bacteria --- particle associated bacteria --- Bacillus nitratireducens --- fermentation broth --- polyaluminum chloride coagulation (PAC) --- Gymnodinium catenatum --- cysts --- sub-fossil diatom --- sediment --- Suncheonman Bay --- new record --- Bysmatrum --- cyst --- eyespot --- morphology --- lagoon --- new record diatoms --- taxonomic --- ecological --- habitat --- Acrochaetioid --- Colaconema formosanum --- COI-5P --- Endophytic alga --- Nemaliophycidae --- rbcL --- taxonomy --- harmful algae --- molecular detection --- monitoring --- Jeju coastal waters --- Changjiang --- southwestern Yellow Sea --- outbreak mechanisms --- wind anomaly --- Ulva prolifera --- Bacillus sp. --- allelopathy --- photosynthetic system --- reactive oxygen species (ROS) --- antioxidative system --- Chlorella vulgaris --- cold-tolerant --- PUFAs (polyunsaturated fatty acids) --- calorific value --- Cystoseira --- algal cartography --- abrasion platforms --- SE Mediterranean --- phylogeny supertree --- DNA sequencing --- harmful algal blooms --- brown tide --- life history --- Aureococcus anophagefferens --- resting stage cell --- Karlodinium --- trophic modes --- phagotrophy --- mixotrophy --- Scrippsiella --- resting cyst --- intercalary plate --- precingular plate --- ribotype --- Tetraselmis suecica --- associated bacterial community --- free-living bacteria --- particle associated bacteria --- Bacillus nitratireducens --- fermentation broth --- polyaluminum chloride coagulation (PAC) --- Gymnodinium catenatum --- cysts --- sub-fossil diatom --- sediment --- Suncheonman Bay --- new record --- Bysmatrum --- cyst --- eyespot --- morphology --- lagoon --- new record diatoms --- taxonomic --- ecological --- habitat --- Acrochaetioid --- Colaconema formosanum --- COI-5P --- Endophytic alga --- Nemaliophycidae --- rbcL --- taxonomy --- harmful algae --- molecular detection --- monitoring --- Jeju coastal waters --- Changjiang --- southwestern Yellow Sea --- outbreak mechanisms --- wind anomaly