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Ships --- Scrapping --- Great Britain.

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By 2005, the U.S. Navy and the Maritime Administration will have accumulated some 360 retired ships in need of disposal. A previous RAND study demonstrated the potential attractiveness of reefing as a disposal option. In this study, the authors examine the economic, legal, environmental, and programmatic issues that might bear on the Navy's decision to pursue the reefing option more seriously.

Ships --- Artificial reefs --- Scrapping

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Ships --- Scrapping --- Evaluation. --- National Defense Reserve Fleet (U.S.) --- Management

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By examining the use of US shipyards and international organizations and partnerships, this study evaluates the options for the disposal of US Navy and US Maritime Administration ships: storage, domestic recycling, overseas recycling and sinking ships to build artificial reefs.

Surplus government property --- Ships --- Artificial reefs --- Scrapping --- Storage

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Pollution from transport is being cut substantially through exhaust emissions regulations and vehicle manufacturers’ investments in cleaner technologies. The benefits of these improvements, however, are delayed as car fleet renewal takes a decade on average in Europe. Car scrappage schemes can be used to accelerate the uptake of new, cleaner vehicles. This publication analyses the effectiveness of these programmes in protecting the environment and reviews the schemes introduced to date in Europe and North America. Three complementary issues are addressed to help make pragmatic recommendations:- What are the effects of scrapping schemes on the car market and the national economy?- What are the effects of these programmes on the environment?- And can scrappage schemes be useful in former socialist countries?

Transport --- Automobiles --- Civil & Environmental Engineering --- Engineering & Applied Sciences --- Environmental Engineering --- Environmental aspects --- Exhaust gas --- Motors --- Scrapping --- Scrapping of automobiles --- Autos (Automobiles) --- Cars (Automobiles) --- Gasoline automobiles --- Motorcars (Automobiles) --- Motor vehicles --- Transportation, Automotive --- Environmental aspects. --- Scrapping.