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"Classification Made Relevant: How Scientists Build and Use Classifications and Ontologies explains how classifications and ontologies are designed and used to analyze scientific information. The book presents the fundamentals of classification, leading up to a description of how computer scientists use object-oriented programming languages to model classifications and ontologies. Numerous examples are chosen from the Classification of Life, the Periodic Table of the Elements, and the symmetry relationships contained within the Classification Theorem of Finite Simple Groups. When these three classifications are tied together, they provide a relational hierarchy connecting all of the natural sciences."--

Classification of sciences. --- Knowledge, Classification of --- Sciences, Classification of --- Classification --- Methodology --- Science --- Philosophy --- Philosophy. --- methods --- Science. --- methods.

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Classification of sciences --- Classification --- Manuscripts, Hebrew --- Early works to 1800 --- Hebrew manuscripts --- Knowledge, Classification of --- Information organization --- Sciences, Classification of --- Methodology --- Science --- Classification of sciences - Early works to 1800 --- Classification - Early works to 1800 --- Manuscripts, Hebrew - Italy

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Philosophy of language --- Philosophy of science --- anno 1600-1699 --- Language, Universal --- Classification of sciences --- Biology --- Langue universelle --- Classification des sciences --- Biologie --- History --- Classification --- Histoire --- -Classification of sciences --- -Language, Universal --- -Interlinguistics --- International language --- Language, International --- Language, World --- Universal language --- World language --- Knowledge, Classification of --- Sciences, Classification of --- Methodology --- Science --- Life sciences --- Biomass --- Life (Biology) --- Natural history --- -History --- -Methodology --- -Classification --- -Biology --- -Philosophy of language --- Interlinguistics --- History.

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A history of raw materials and chemical substances from the late seventeenth to the early nineteenth centuries that scrutinizes the modes of identification and classification used by chemists and learned practitioners of the period, examining the ways in which their practices and understanding of the material objects changed.In the eighteenth century, chemistry was the science of materials. Chemists treated mundane raw materials and chemical substances as multidimensional objects of inquiry that could be investigated in both practical and theoretical contexts--as useful commodities, perceptible objects of nature, and entities with hidden and imperceptible features. In this history of materials, Ursula Klein and Wolfgang Lefevre link chemical science with chemical technology, challenging our current understandings of objects in the history of science and the distinction between scientific and technological objects. They further show that chemists' experimental production and understanding of materials changed over time, first in the decades around 1700 and then around 1830, when mundane materials became clearly distinguished from true chemical substances. The authors approach their subject by scrutinizing the modes of identification and classification used by chemists and learned practitioners of the period. They find that chemists' classificatory practices especially were strikingly diverse. In scientific investigations, materials were classified either according to chemical composition or according to provenance and perceptible qualities. The authors further argue that chemists did not live in different worlds of materials before and after the Lavoisierian chemical revolution of the late eighteenth century. Their two main studies first explore the long tradition that informed Lavoisier's new nomenclature and method of classifying pure chemical substances and then describe the continuing classification of plant materials according to a pre-Lavoisierian scheme of provenance and perceptible qualities even after the chemical revolution, until a new mode of classification was accepted in the 1830s.

Chemistry -- History -- 18th century. --- Classification of sciences. --- Ontology -- History -- 18th century. --- Chemistry --- Ontology --- Classification of sciences --- Physical Sciences & Mathematics --- Chemistry - General --- History --- Knowledge, Classification of --- Sciences, Classification of --- Being --- Classification --- Methodology --- Science --- Philosophy --- Metaphysics --- Necessity (Philosophy) --- Substance (Philosophy) --- Physical sciences --- SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY & SOCIETY/History of Science --- PHYSICAL SCIENCES/General --- PHYSICAL SCIENCES/Materials Science --- Chimie --- Ontologie --- Classification des sciences --- Histoire

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"Drucker develops a synthetic argument about how Kinsey's scholarship and training as an entomologist and evolutionary scientist affected his teaching, research, writing, and analysis of human behavior. Places Kinsey at the center of trends in American intellectual and scientific life in the mid-twentieth century. Drucker uses the whole of Kinsey's intellectual life to address questions of data collection and scientific objectivity, and whether it is possible to have research approaches and frameworks for studying human sexuality that could satisfy ever-shifting delineations and measurements of objectivity"-- "Alfred C. Kinsey's revolutionary studies of human sexual behavior are world-renowned. His meticulous methods of data collection, from comprehensive entomological assemblies to personal sex history interviews, raised the bar for empirical evidence to an entirely new level. In The Classification of Sex, Donna J. Drucker presents an original analysis of Kinsey's scientific career in order to uncover the roots of his research methods. She describes how his enduring interest as an entomologist and biologist in the compilation and organization of mass data sets structured each of his classification projects. As Drucker shows, Kinsey's lifelong mission was to find scientific truth in numbers and through observation-and to record without prejudice in the spirit of a true taxonomist. Kinsey's doctoral work included extensive research of the gall wasp, where he gathered and recorded variations in over six million specimens. His classification and reclassification of Cynips led to the speciation of the genus that remains today. During his graduate training, Kinsey developed a strong interest in evolution and the links between entomological and human behavior studies. In 1920, he joined Indiana University as a professor in zoology, and soon published an introductory text on biology, followed by a coauthored field guide to edible wild plants. In 1938, Kinsey began teaching a noncredit course on marriage, where he openly discussed sexual behavior and espoused equal opportunity for orgasmic satisfaction in marital relationships. Soon after, he began gathering case histories of sexual behavior. As a pioneer in the nascent field of sexology, Kinsey saw that the key to its cogency was grounded in observation combined with the collection and classification of mass data. To support the institutionalization of his work, he cofounded the Institute for Sex Research at Indiana University in 1947. He and his staff eventually conducted over eighteen thousand personal interviews about sexual behavior, and in 1948 he published Sexual Behavior in the Human Male, to be followed in 1953 by Sexual Behavior in the Human Female. As Drucker's study shows, Kinsey's scientific rigor and his early use of data recording methods and observational studies were unparalleled in his field. Those practices shaped his entire career and produced a wellspring of new information, whether he was studying gall wasp wings, writing biology textbooks, tracing patterns of evolution, or developing a universal theory of human sexuality"--

Science --- Classification of sciences --- Research --- Sexology --- Methodology --- Kinsey, Alfred C. --- Classification of sciences. --- Methodology. --- History. --- Kinsey, Alfred C., --- SCIENCE / History. --- Sex --- Knowledge, Classification of --- Sciences, Classification of --- Classification --- Scientific method --- Logic, Symbolic and mathematical --- Kinsey, Alfred Charles, --- Science - Methodology --- Research - United States --- Sexology - United States --- Kinsey, Alfred C. - (Alfred Charles), - 1894-1956