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Biologie --- Zoologie --- Philosophie. --- Zoology --- Animal locomotion --- Science --- Philosophy --- Biologie - Philosophie. --- Zoologie - Ouvrages prelinneens --- Science - Philosophy - Early works to 1800

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William of Ockham was a medieval English philosopher and theologian (he was born about 1285, perhaps as late as 1288, and died in 1347 or 1348). In 1328 Ockham turned away from 'pure' philosophy and theology to polemic. From that year until the end of his life he worked to overthrow what he saw as the tyranny of Pope John XXII (1316-1334) and of his successors Popes Benedict XII (1334-1342) and Clement VI (1342-1352). This campaign led him into questions of ecclesiology (the study of the nature and structure of the Christian Church, e.g. of the functions and powers of the pope) and political philosophy. The Dialogus purports to be a transcript made by a mature student of lengthy discussions between himself and a university master about the various opinions of the learned on the matters disputed between John XXII and the dissident Franciscans. The student is usually the initiator; he chooses the topics, asks most of the questions and decides when he has heard enough. The master is, so to speak, an expert witness whom the student examines. This volume publishes an edition of two elements of the Dialogus. Part 2 of the Dialogus is not in dialogue form and may not to be the work of Ockham himself. Part 3 is divided into two tracts. Tract 1, which is reproduced in this volume, is on the power of the Pope and clergy. Liberal thinking in modern times builds on certain earlier ancient and medieval political ideas, which Ockham reasserted, defended and helped to perpetuate. Thus there are elements in his ecclesiology and political philosophy that anticipate the views of Locke, Mill, and other modern liberals.

Papacy --- Theology --- Catholic Church --- Clergy --- Church and state - Holy Roman Empire - Early works to 1800 --- Church and state - Catholic Church - Early works to 1800 --- Political science - Philosophy - Early works to 1800 --- Clergy - Office - Early works to 1800 --- William, - of Ockham, - approximately 1285-approximately 1349. - De iuribus Romani imperii --- William, - of Ockham, - approximately 1285-approximately 1349. - Dialogus --- Holy Roman Empire - Politics and government - Early works to 1800 --- Catholic Church - Clergy - Early works to 1800 --- Papacy - Early works to 1800 --- Theology - Early works to 1800

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The so-called eighth Stromateus (‘liber logicus’) by Clement of Alexandria (d. before 221 C.E.) is an understudied source for ancient philosophy, particularly the tradition of the Aristotelian methodology of science, scepticism, and the theories of causation. A series of capitula dealing with inquiry and demonstration, it bears but few traces of Christian interests. In this volume, Matyáš Havrda provides a new edition, translation, and lemmatic commentary of the text. The vexing question of the origin of this material and its place within Clement’s oeuvre is also addressed. Defending the view of ‘liber logicus’ as a collection of excerpts made or adopted by Clement for his own (apologetic and exegetical) use, Havrda argues that its source could be Galen’s lost treatise On Demonstration .

Philosophy, Ancient. --- Science --- Philosophy --- Methodology --- Methodology. --- Philosophy. --- Clement, --- Stromata (Clement, of Alexandria, Saint). --- Clemens Alexandrinus --- 276 =75 CLEMENS ALEXANDRINUS --- 276 =75 CLEMENS ALEXANDRINUS Griekse patrologie--CLEMENS ALEXANDRINUS --- 276 =75 CLEMENS ALEXANDRINUS Patrologie grecque--CLEMENS ALEXANDRINUS --- Griekse patrologie--CLEMENS ALEXANDRINUS --- Patrologie grecque--CLEMENS ALEXANDRINUS --- Philosophy, Ancient --- Philosophie ancienne --- Sciences --- Early works to 1800. --- Philosophie --- Ouvrages avant 1800 --- Méthodologie --- Natural science --- Science of science --- Ancient philosophy --- Greek philosophy --- Philosophy, Greek --- Philosophy, Roman --- Roman philosophy --- Clemens, --- Clemens, Titus Flavius, --- Clément, --- Clemente, --- Klemens, --- Klēmens, --- Kliment, --- Titus Flavius Clemens, --- إكليمنضس السكندري --- Klēmēs, --- Natural sciences --- Science - Philosophy - Early works to 1800 --- Science - Methodology - Early works to 1800

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This book argues that Aristotle offers us a consistent theory of definition, according to which a particular type of definition – one which states the formal cause of a simple item – is fundamental. It begins by considering definitions as indemonstrable first principles in demonstrations, and inquires how such definitions can have the certainty required by that role. Later chapters look to the Metaphysics to understand how the unity of definitions guarantees their certainty, and to the Topics to discover why definitions must be formulated in terms of the genus and differentia(e) of the object defined. This work contributes to our understanding of the connection between the function of definition in demonstration and its character as a statement of essence.

Logic --- Definition (Philosophy) --- Logique --- Définition (Philosophie) --- Early works to 1800. --- Early works to 1800 --- Ouvrages avant 1800 --- Aristotle --- Language and languages --- Knowledge, Theory of --- Science --- Ontology --- Pragmatism --- Philosophy. --- Methodology --- Philosophy --- Aristotle. --- Definition (Philosophy). --- Définition (Philosophie) --- Definability --- Definition (Logic) --- Undefinability --- Semantics (Philosophy) --- Aristoteles --- Aristote --- Aristotile --- Aristoteles. --- Arisṭāṭṭil --- Aristo, --- Aristotel --- Aristotele --- Aristóteles, --- Aristòtil --- Arisṭū --- Arisṭūṭālīs --- Arisutoteresu --- Arystoteles --- Ya-li-shih-to-te --- Ya-li-ssu-to-te --- Yalishiduode --- Yalisiduode --- Ἀριστοτέλης --- Αριστοτέλης --- Аристотел --- ארסטו --- אריםטו --- אריסטו --- אריסטוטלס --- אריסטוטלוס --- אריסטוטליס --- أرسطاطاليس --- أرسططاليس --- أرسطو --- أرسطوطالس --- أرسطوطاليس --- ابن رشد --- اريسطو --- Pseudo Aristotele --- Pseudo-Aristotle --- アリストテレス --- Language and languages - Philosophy. --- Logic - Early works to 1800. --- Knowledge, Theory of - Early works to 1800. --- Definition (Philosophy) - Early works to 1800. --- Science - Methodology - Early works to 1800. --- Science - Philosophy - Early works to 1800. --- Ontology - Early works to 1800. --- Language and languages - Philosophy - Early works to 1800. --- Pragmatism - Early works to 1800.

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Aristote, --- Influence --- Eternal return --- Eternal recurrence --- Eternity --- -Eternal recurrence --- Cosmology --- Place (Philosophy) --- Science --- Natural science --- Science of science --- Sciences --- Philosophy --- Cycles --- Aristotle. --- Aristoteles --- Aristote --- Aristotle --- Aristotile --- Philosophy of nature --- Aristoteles. --- Influence. --- Arisṭāṭṭil --- Aristo, --- Aristotel --- Aristotele --- Aristóteles, --- Aristòtil --- Arisṭū --- Arisṭūṭālīs --- Arisutoteresu --- Arystoteles --- Ya-li-shih-to-te --- Ya-li-ssu-to-te --- Yalishiduode --- Yalisiduode --- Ἀριστοτέλης --- Αριστοτέλης --- Аристотел --- ארסטו --- אריםטו --- אריסטו --- אריסטוטלס --- אריסטוטלוס --- אריסטוטליס --- أرسطاطاليس --- أرسططاليس --- أرسطو --- أرسطوطالس --- أرسطوطاليس --- ابن رشد --- اريسطو --- Pseudo Aristotele --- Pseudo-Aristotle --- アリストテレス --- Natural sciences --- Place (Philosophy) - Early works to 1800. --- Eternal return - Early works to 1800. --- Cosmology - Early works to 1800. --- Science - Philosophy - Early works to 1800. --- Lieu (Philosophie) --- Eternité --- Cosmologie --- Early works to 1800. --- Early works to 1800 --- Ouvrages avant 1800 --- Philosophie --- Philoponus, John,