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About the publication Dilapidated public school infrastructure can be found across the country, but the problem is particularly acute in the Eastern Cape where the majority of the so called 'mud schools' are located. On 04 February 2011, following court action on the issue of mud schools, the Legal Resources Centre, acting on behalf of 7 schools and the Centre for Child Law, concluded a landmark settlement with the National Department of Basic Education in which the Department committed to spend R8.2-billion from 1 April 2011 to 1 March 2014 to eradicate mud schools and improve infrastructure of schools throughout South Africa. The Centre for Child Law commissioned Cornerstone Economic Research, to track school infrastructure spending and delivery. The aim of the research was to assess what progress has been made in addressing the issues that brought about the litigation. This study, amongst other things, makes the concerning finding that the Department has woefully underspent the allocated school infrastructure funding for two years running. The target for the number of schools to be built in 2011/2012 and 2012/2013 was 49. However, only 10 schools had been completed at the end of the first year. About the authors: Carmen Abdoll has experience in public sector finance management, budget analysis, and various tax policy issues, including issues related to value-added tax, excise duties and all sub-national taxes. She has also worked on various projects related to the structure of the intergovernmental fiscal system in South Africa. Carmen has a particular interest in policy and services impacting on the lives of orphan children. Conrad Barberton is a development economist, policy researcher and trainer. He has experience in the design of intergovernmental fiscal processes, public sector finance management, budget presentation design and analysis, the costing of policies, strategic planning, monitoring and evaluation, and the design of governance accountability systems. Table of Contents PREFACE ACKNOWLEDGMENTS EXECUTIVE SUMMARY A LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS 1. Introduction Part one: Status of school infrastructure 2. Responsibility for school infrastructure planning 3. Sources of information on school infrastructure 3.1 Number of public ordinary schools 3.2 Number of classrooms in public ordinary schools 4. Backlogs in school infrastructure 4.1 Planning to address backlogs in school infrastructure 4.2 Backlogs in schools and classrooms 4.3 Inappropriate school structures (so-called mud schools) 4.4 Backlogs in basic services 4.5 Backlogs in maintenance Part two: National and provincial funding of school infrastructure 5. Determinants in the demand for school infrastructure 6. National government allocations to school infrastructure 6.1 Education Infrastructure Grant 6.2 School Infrastructure Backlogs Grant 7. Provincial allocations to school infrastructure 7.1 Total spending by provinces on school infrastructure 7.2 Provinces’ allocations of own funding to school infrastructure Part three: Performance in the delivery of school infrastructure 8. Performance of the School Infrastructure Backlogs Grant 8.1 Planning related to the grant 8.2 Spending and delivery progress of the SIBG 8.3 Likely timeframes for eradicating inappropriate school structures 9. Performance of the Education Infrastructure Grant 9.1 Planning related to the grant 9.2 Spending and delivery progress of the EIG 10. Concluding points

school infrastructure 'mud schools' Centre for Child Law spending delivery

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About the publication Dilapidated public school infrastructure can be found across the country, but the problem is particularly acute in the Eastern Cape where the majority of the so called 'mud schools' are located. On 04 February 2011, following court action on the issue of mud schools, the Legal Resources Centre, acting on behalf of 7 schools and the Centre for Child Law, concluded a landmark settlement with the National Department of Basic Education in which the Department committed to spend R8.2-billion from 1 April 2011 to 1 March 2014 to eradicate mud schools and improve infrastructure of schools throughout South Africa. The Centre for Child Law commissioned Cornerstone Economic Research, to track school infrastructure spending and delivery. The aim of the research was to assess what progress has been made in addressing the issues that brought about the litigation. This study, amongst other things, makes the concerning finding that the Department has woefully underspent the allocated school infrastructure funding for two years running. The target for the number of schools to be built in 2011/2012 and 2012/2013 was 49. However, only 10 schools had been completed at the end of the first year. About the authors: Carmen Abdoll has experience in public sector finance management, budget analysis, and various tax policy issues, including issues related to value-added tax, excise duties and all sub-national taxes. She has also worked on various projects related to the structure of the intergovernmental fiscal system in South Africa. Carmen has a particular interest in policy and services impacting on the lives of orphan children. Conrad Barberton is a development economist, policy researcher and trainer. He has experience in the design of intergovernmental fiscal processes, public sector finance management, budget presentation design and analysis, the costing of policies, strategic planning, monitoring and evaluation, and the design of governance accountability systems. Table of Contents PREFACE ACKNOWLEDGMENTS EXECUTIVE SUMMARY A LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS 1. Introduction Part one: Status of school infrastructure 2. Responsibility for school infrastructure planning 3. Sources of information on school infrastructure 3.1 Number of public ordinary schools 3.2 Number of classrooms in public ordinary schools 4. Backlogs in school infrastructure 4.1 Planning to address backlogs in school infrastructure 4.2 Backlogs in schools and classrooms 4.3 Inappropriate school structures (so-called mud schools) 4.4 Backlogs in basic services 4.5 Backlogs in maintenance Part two: National and provincial funding of school infrastructure 5. Determinants in the demand for school infrastructure 6. National government allocations to school infrastructure 6.1 Education Infrastructure Grant 6.2 School Infrastructure Backlogs Grant 7. Provincial allocations to school infrastructure 7.1 Total spending by provinces on school infrastructure 7.2 Provinces’ allocations of own funding to school infrastructure Part three: Performance in the delivery of school infrastructure 8. Performance of the School Infrastructure Backlogs Grant 8.1 Planning related to the grant 8.2 Spending and delivery progress of the SIBG 8.3 Likely timeframes for eradicating inappropriate school structures 9. Performance of the Education Infrastructure Grant 9.1 Planning related to the grant 9.2 Spending and delivery progress of the EIG 10. Concluding points

school infrastructure 'mud schools' Centre for Child Law spending delivery --- school infrastructure 'mud schools' Centre for Child Law spending delivery

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Parents and students from different socioeconomic backgrounds value differently school characteristics, but the reasons behind this preference heterogeneity are not well understood. In the context of the centralized school assignment system in Mexico City, this study analyzes how a large household income shock affects choices over high school tracks exploiting the discontinuity in the assignment of the welfare program Oportunidades. The income shock significantly increases the probability of choosing the vocational track vis-a-vis the other more academic-oriented tracks. The findings suggest that the transfer relaxes the financial constraints that prevent relatively low-ability students from choosing the schooling option with higher labor market returns.

Academic ability --- Academic achievement --- Academic quality --- Academic year --- Access to university --- Achievement --- Achievement standards --- Assignment mechanism --- Average treatment effect --- Career --- College --- College education --- Curriculum --- Dropout rate --- Economic development --- Economics of education --- Education --- Education for all --- Education institutions --- Education level --- Education programs --- Educational modalities --- Educational outcomes --- Effective schools & teachers --- Elite schools --- Employment --- Enrollment --- Ethnic composition --- Exam --- Fees --- Geographic distribution --- Grade levels --- Graduate --- Graduation rate --- Grants --- High school --- High school level --- High school students --- High schools --- Higher education --- Human capital --- Information technology --- ITS --- Labor markets --- Learning --- LET --- Literature --- Low-income students --- Lower secondary --- Lower secondary school --- Middle school --- Middle schools --- Ministry of education --- Mobility --- Number of students --- Number of students per teacher --- Open access --- Parental education --- Pedagogical methods --- Primary education --- Public education --- Public school --- Public schools --- Returns to education --- Scholarships --- School attendance --- School census --- School completion --- School curriculum --- School days --- School facilities --- School infrastructure --- School level --- School principals --- School program --- School programs --- School quality --- School students --- School supplies --- School vouchers --- School year --- Schooling --- Secondary education --- Secondary enrollment --- Secondary school --- Secondary schooling --- Skills --- Statistics --- Student ability --- Students --- Students per teacher --- Study --- Teacher --- Teachers --- Technical education --- Technical schools --- Technical track --- Tertiary education --- Tertiary level --- Test scores --- Training --- Tuition --- Tuition costs --- Tuition fees --- University --- University degree --- University programs --- Upper secondary --- Upper secondary education --- Upper secondary level --- Vocational education --- Vocational school --- Vocational schools --- Vouchers --- Workshops