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Arts, Turkmen --- Turkmen --- Material culture --- Turkmenistan --- Social life and customs --- Exhibitions --- Akhal Tekke-Turkomans --- Salor-Turkomans --- Sarik-Turkomans --- Tekke-Turkomans --- Turcomans --- Turkmens --- Turkomans --- Ethnology --- Turkic peoples --- Arts, Turkoman --- Turkmen arts --- Respublika Turkmenistan --- Republic of Turkmenistan --- Turkmenostan Respublikasy --- トルクメニスタン --- Torukumenisutan --- تركمانستان --- 土库曼斯坦 --- Tukumansitan --- Türkmenisztán --- 투르크메니스탄 --- T'urŭk'ŭmenisŭt'an --- ترکمنستان --- Turkmanistān --- Turcomenistão --- טורקמניסטן --- Turkmen S.S.R.

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On October 27, 1991, the Turkmen Soviet Socialist Republic declared its independence from the Soviet Union. Hammer and sickle gave way to a flag, a national anthem, and new holidays. Seven decades earlier, Turkmenistan had been a stateless conglomeration of tribes. What brought about this remarkable transformation? Tribal Nation addresses this question by examining the Soviet effort in the 1920's and 1930's to create a modern, socialist nation in the Central Asian Republic of Turkmenistan. Adrienne Edgar argues that the recent focus on the Soviet state as a "maker of nations" overlooks another vital factor in Turkmen nationhood: the complex interaction between Soviet policies and indigenous notions of identity. In particular, the genealogical ideas that defined premodern Turkmen identity were reshaped by Soviet territorial and linguistic ideas of nationhood. The Soviet desire to construct socialist modernity in Turkmenistan conflicted with Moscow's policy of promoting nationhood, since many Turkmen viewed their "backward customs" as central to Turkmen identity. Tribal Nation is the first book in any Western language on Soviet Turkmenistan, the first to use both archival and indigenous-language sources to analyze Soviet nation-making in Central Asia, and among the few works to examine the Soviet multinational state from a non-Russian perspective. By investigating Soviet nation-making in one of the most poorly understood regions of the Soviet Union, it also sheds light on broader questions about nationalism and colonialism in the twentieth century.

Turkmen --- Nationalism --- Turkmènes --- Nationalisme --- Ethnic identity. --- Identité ethnique --- Turkmenistan --- Turkménistan --- History --- Social conditions. --- Histoire --- Conditions sociales --- -Nationalism --- -Consciousness, National --- Identity, National --- National consciousness --- National identity --- International relations --- Patriotism --- Political science --- Autonomy and independence movements --- Internationalism --- Political messianism --- Akhal Tekke-Turkomans --- Salor-Turkomans --- Sarik-Turkomans --- Tekke-Turkomans --- Turcomans --- Turkmens --- Turkomans --- Ethnology --- Turkic peoples --- Ethnic identity --- -Social conditions. --- -Ethnic identity --- Turkmènes --- Identité ethnique --- Turkménistan --- Consciousness, National --- Respublika Turkmenistan --- Republic of Turkmenistan --- Turkmenostan Respublikasy --- トルクメニスタン --- Torukumenisutan --- تركمانستان --- 土库曼斯坦 --- Tukumansitan --- Türkmenisztán --- 투르크메니스탄 --- T'urŭk'ŭmenisŭt'an --- ترکمنستان --- Turkmanistān --- Turcomenistão --- טורקמניסטן --- Turkmen S.S.R.

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Despite dramatic improvements in the security environment in most parts of Iraq, still unresolved are many core political issues, foremost of which is the conflict over the city and region of Kirkuk. With immense oil reserves and a diverse population of Kurds, Arabs, and Turkmens, Kirkuk in recent history has been scarred by interethnic violence and state-sponsored ethnic cleansing. Throughout the twentieth century, successive Arab Iraqi governments engaged in a brutal campaign to increase Kirkuk's Arab population at the expense of Kurds and Turkmens. Following the invasion of Iraq in 2003, a newly empowered Kurdish leadership has sought to reverse the effects of the Arabization campaign and to hold a referendum on incorporating Kirkuk into the Kurdistan Region. The Kurds' efforts are, however, strongly opposed by Kirkuk's Turkmens, Arabs, and also most states in the region.In Crisis in Kirkuk, Liam Anderson and Gareth Stansfield offer a dispassionate analysis of one of Iraq's most pressing and unresolved problems. Drawing on extensive research and fieldwork, the authors investigate the claims to ownership made by each of Kirkuk's competing communities. They consider the constitutional mechanisms put in place to address the issue and the problems that have plagued their implementation. The book concludes with an assessment of the measures needed to resolve the crisis in Kirkuk, stressing that finding a compromise acceptable to all sides is vital to the future stability of Iraq.

Iraq War, 2003-2011 --- Arabs --- Kurds --- Turkmen --- Compromise formation --- Ethnic conflict --- Anglo-American Invasion of Iraq, 2003-2011 --- Dawn, Operation New, 2010-2011 --- Gulf War II, 2003-2011 --- Iraqi Freedom, Operation, 2003-2010 --- New Dawn, Operation, 2010-2011 --- Operation Iraqi Freedom, 2003-2010 --- Operation New Dawn, 2010-2011 --- Operation Telic, 2003-2011 --- Persian Gulf War, 2003-2011 --- Telic, Operation, 2003-2011 --- War on Terrorism, 2001-2009 --- Akhal Tekke-Turkomans --- Salor-Turkomans --- Sarik-Turkomans --- Tekke-Turkomans --- Turcomans --- Turkmens --- Turkomans --- Ethnology --- Turkic peoples --- Conflict, Ethnic --- Ethnic violence --- Inter-ethnic conflict --- Interethnic conflict --- Ethnic relations --- Social conflict --- Repression (Psychology) --- Iranians --- Semites --- Political aspects --- Social aspects --- Social conditions --- History --- Karkūk (Iraq) --- Karkh Slukh (Iraq) --- Kerkouk (Iraq) --- Kerkuk (Iraq) --- Kirkūk (Iraq) --- History. --- Politics and government --- Political aspects. --- African Studies. --- Asian Studies. --- Middle Eastern Studies. --- Political Science. --- Public Policy.