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Sapphire. --- Thermal stresses. --- Failure analysis. --- Twinning. --- Fractures (materials) --- Concentrators. --- Tensile stress. --- Temperature gradients. --- Fractography.

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Applied arts. Arts and crafts --- private collections [object groupings] --- jewelry --- ruby [mineral] --- sapphire [mineral] --- gems [worked stones] --- juweelkunst --- Babar, Riaz --- Content, Derek J.

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Ruby, red corundum, is a gem mineral with mineral properties, gem characteristics and chemistry that are reliant on critical trace element substitutions in its aluminum oxide crystal structure. Ruby has attracted scientific and economic interest. It has already been studied extensively regarding its widespread global distribution and the diversity of its geological associations, as revealed by exploration and exploitation. Researchers are becoming increasingly aware that geographic typing of ruby characteristics and its host assemblages may guide further exploration and provide checks on reputed sources of both rough and cut stones. Genetic pointers, based on fluid and solid mineral inclusions, oxygen and other isotope values and pressure and temperature estimates, have already yielded much genetic information. Rare ruby in mantle xenoliths, TP ~1100o C, 2GPa, epitaxial diamond in ruby and ruby in diamond have special interest. Amid the present extensive documentation on this singular gem mineral, new insights and co-existing associations remain to be discovered. Although ruby largely appears in metamorphic and metasomatic source rocks, newer studies suggest it may also arise from magmatic sources. Age-dating of a range of mineral inclusions in ruby now allows more precise modelling of ruby genesis. Tectonic aspects of ruby genesis related to early collisional plate events on Earth are also a frontier for further understanding. In addition, ruby growth remains an important phase in metamorphic studies of events in some young collisional zones. This Special Issue planned for Minerals aims to attract further studies on this multi-origin gem mineral. Investigations at the ‘economic border’ of ruby and sapphire nomenclature and relevant treatments affecting ruby color will be considered.

Research & information: general --- Earth sciences, geography, environment, planning --- gems --- ruby --- marble --- eskolaite --- Southern Urals --- spinel --- Mogok --- geochronology --- U-Pb dating --- zircon --- zirconolite --- geographic origin determination --- sapphire --- trace elements --- radiogenic isotopes --- linear discriminant analysis --- corundum --- gemology --- geology of gem deposits --- mineralogical association --- geochemistry --- Snezhnoe deposit --- Tajikistan --- Central Pamir --- Muzkol-Rangkul anticlinorium --- in situ U-Pb LA-ICP-MS rutile dating --- oxygen isotopes --- Rb-Sr and Sm-Nd isotopes --- sulfides --- Montepuez --- ruby deposits --- classification --- typology --- magmatism --- metamorphism --- sedimentary --- metasomatism --- fluids --- stable and radiogenic isotopes --- genetic models --- exploration --- gems --- ruby --- marble --- eskolaite --- Southern Urals --- spinel --- Mogok --- geochronology --- U-Pb dating --- zircon --- zirconolite --- geographic origin determination --- sapphire --- trace elements --- radiogenic isotopes --- linear discriminant analysis --- corundum --- gemology --- geology of gem deposits --- mineralogical association --- geochemistry --- Snezhnoe deposit --- Tajikistan --- Central Pamir --- Muzkol-Rangkul anticlinorium --- in situ U-Pb LA-ICP-MS rutile dating --- oxygen isotopes --- Rb-Sr and Sm-Nd isotopes --- sulfides --- Montepuez --- ruby deposits --- classification --- typology --- magmatism --- metamorphism --- sedimentary --- metasomatism --- fluids --- stable and radiogenic isotopes --- genetic models --- exploration

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Ruby, red corundum, is a gem mineral with mineral properties, gem characteristics and chemistry that are reliant on critical trace element substitutions in its aluminum oxide crystal structure. Ruby has attracted scientific and economic interest. It has already been studied extensively regarding its widespread global distribution and the diversity of its geological associations, as revealed by exploration and exploitation. Researchers are becoming increasingly aware that geographic typing of ruby characteristics and its host assemblages may guide further exploration and provide checks on reputed sources of both rough and cut stones. Genetic pointers, based on fluid and solid mineral inclusions, oxygen and other isotope values and pressure and temperature estimates, have already yielded much genetic information. Rare ruby in mantle xenoliths, TP ~1100o C, 2GPa, epitaxial diamond in ruby and ruby in diamond have special interest. Amid the present extensive documentation on this singular gem mineral, new insights and co-existing associations remain to be discovered. Although ruby largely appears in metamorphic and metasomatic source rocks, newer studies suggest it may also arise from magmatic sources. Age-dating of a range of mineral inclusions in ruby now allows more precise modelling of ruby genesis. Tectonic aspects of ruby genesis related to early collisional plate events on Earth are also a frontier for further understanding. In addition, ruby growth remains an important phase in metamorphic studies of events in some young collisional zones. This Special Issue planned for Minerals aims to attract further studies on this multi-origin gem mineral. Investigations at the ‘economic border’ of ruby and sapphire nomenclature and relevant treatments affecting ruby color will be considered.

gems --- ruby --- marble --- eskolaite --- Southern Urals --- spinel --- Mogok --- geochronology --- U–Pb dating --- zircon --- zirconolite --- geographic origin determination --- sapphire --- trace elements --- radiogenic isotopes --- linear discriminant analysis --- corundum --- gemology --- geology of gem deposits --- mineralogical association --- geochemistry --- Snezhnoe deposit --- Tajikistan --- Central Pamir --- Muzkol–Rangkul anticlinorium --- in situ U–Pb LA–ICP–MS rutile dating --- oxygen isotopes --- Rb–Sr and Sm–Nd isotopes --- sulfides --- Montepuez --- ruby deposits --- classification --- typology --- magmatism --- metamorphism --- sedimentary --- metasomatism --- fluids --- stable and radiogenic isotopes --- genetic models --- exploration --- n/a --- U-Pb dating --- Muzkol-Rangkul anticlinorium --- in situ U-Pb LA-ICP-MS rutile dating --- Rb-Sr and Sm-Nd isotopes

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This Special Issue reprint presents articles from researchers working on materials processing via electron beams as well as on their characterization, properties, and applications. The articles presented cover various topics, including metal melting and welding, additive manufacturing, electron beam irradiation, electron beam lithography, process modeling, etc.

Research & information: general --- Physics --- electron-beam welding --- welded metal structure --- dynamic positioning of an electron beam --- electron beam --- additive manufacturing --- titanium alloys --- wire feed process --- residual stresses --- mechanical properties --- EBI --- γ-ray --- GC-MS --- FT-IR --- larch sapwood --- wood extractives --- melting --- melting temperature --- numerical simulation --- electron beam additive manufacturing --- nanoindentation --- strain rate sensitivity --- creep --- corn starch --- potato starch --- moisture content --- specific heat capacity --- pH --- color parameters --- copper technogenic material --- thermodynamic analysis --- removal efficiency --- patterned sapphire substrate --- electron etching --- gold --- cathodoluminescent analysis --- anisotropy --- light-emitting diodes --- windows --- electron beam welding --- aluminum 6082 --- porosity --- beam figure --- electron-beam lithography --- Monte Carlo method --- proximity function --- electrons scattering --- technogenic Co–Cr–Mo alloy --- electron beam recycling --- refining process --- degree of removal --- electron-beam welding --- welded metal structure --- dynamic positioning of an electron beam --- electron beam --- additive manufacturing --- titanium alloys --- wire feed process --- residual stresses --- mechanical properties --- EBI --- γ-ray --- GC-MS --- FT-IR --- larch sapwood --- wood extractives --- melting --- melting temperature --- numerical simulation --- electron beam additive manufacturing --- nanoindentation --- strain rate sensitivity --- creep --- corn starch --- potato starch --- moisture content --- specific heat capacity --- pH --- color parameters --- copper technogenic material --- thermodynamic analysis --- removal efficiency --- patterned sapphire substrate --- electron etching --- gold --- cathodoluminescent analysis --- anisotropy --- light-emitting diodes --- windows --- electron beam welding --- aluminum 6082 --- porosity --- beam figure --- electron-beam lithography --- Monte Carlo method --- proximity function --- electrons scattering --- technogenic Co–Cr–Mo alloy --- electron beam recycling --- refining process --- degree of removal